Comparison-Contrast

1. Comparison-Contrast

2. The Pattern • Comparison points out similarities • Contrast points out differences • Comparison-contrast points out both similarities and differences

3. In our life, do you think comparison-contrast is important?

4. Comparison-contrast is an important component of decision making • It helps us examine the features of two or more subjects

5. Should you buy a laptop or an ipad? • Which job will make my life better: a job as a teacher at a school or as a private tutor? • Which elective course will be better? • Which suitor will make me happy? • Is android or IOS systems better for me?

6. To decide : you compare and contrast the merits of the two devices; two jobs; two suitors; two computers; two courses..etc

7. Using Comparison-Contrast for a Purpose • Besides helping you make a decision, comparison-contrast helps a writer: • 1.Inform a reader of something that is not well understood • E.g: explain rugby to reader who doesn’t know anything about it by comparing it to football

8. Comparison-contrast can help you inform by clarifying the nature of both subjects under consideration • E.g: Compare and contrast the merits and limitations of Android system and IOS system

9. Comparison-contrast can inform by providing new insights into something already familiar—the purpose is to sharpen the reader’s awareness or appreciation • The writer can compare and contrast dogs and humans as friends in order that you appreciate dog’s nature (you already know dogs are loyal but you will get new insights into their nature)

10. 2.Comparison-contrast can allow the writer to express feelings and relate experiences • E.g. to relate the effect of your parents’ divorce on you, you contrast and compare your life before and after to reveal the impact the event had on you

11. 3.Comparison-contrast can also work to persuade a reader to think or act in a particular way • A writer who wants to convince you to vote for a certain candidate can compare and contrast the candidate with other candidates to show you why this candidate is better

12. 4.Comparison-contrast can be used to amuse and entertain the reader often at the same time it informs, relates experiences, express feelings, or persuade • E.g. to convince your sister to choose a certain suitor, you can compare and contrast the other suitors with degree of humour at their faults

13. Comparison-Contrast in College, at work, and in the Community • In the classroom, you can use comparison-contrast go clarify and evaluate the nature of two subjects • In a literature class, you can compare and contrast the symbolism in two poems • In math, the teacher can compare and contrast two methods of solving a formula

14. Organizing details • In Comparison- contrast essay, the author can organize the essay into two possible arrangements: Alternating Pattern Block Pattern

15. In a block pattern, the points about one subject (A) are made(in a block), then all the points about the other subject (B)are made (in second block) • In an alternating pattern, a point is made for one subject, then for the other (A/B; A/B). A second point is made for the first subject, then the other. (A/B; A/B)

16. Cause-and-Effect Analysis

17. The Pattern Cause points out ‘‘why events occur’’: to examine why higher countries are colder than lower countries Effect points out the result of an event

18. We often use cause-and-effect analysis to examine causes, effects or both. • Using Cause-and-Effect for a Purpose Cause-and-effect analysis can be used to: inform entertain persuade

19. Express a feeling or relate experience For example: • to explain the causes of infant mortality, you would inform the reader about the conditions of hospitals and hygiene in your town. • if you explain how smoking is a cause of lung disease, you could do so to persuade your readers to quit smoking.

20. Cause-and-effect analysis in College, at Work and in the Community Cause-effect analysis is a frequent component of writing in many college classes: • Your instructor may ask you to write a cause-effect essay • In history class,you may also be asked to explain the causes and effects of events such as World War II, or the War of the Roses in England. •

21. At work you may be asked by your company to make a survey of the causes and effects of bank loans: in light of the survey your company will decide whether to have a bank loan to purchase new machines.

22. Supporting Details In cause-effect analysis, you can support your argument by using other patterns like exemplification, comparison-contrast, description and narration. ‗ Organizing Details : p. 386

23. Cause-and-effect analysis can also allow you to express feelings or relate experience. For example when: • you explain the causes and effects of your decision to resign from your present job.

24. Classification and Division The Pattern ●To classify is: to arrange or organize according to class or category; to group or ‘‘take a number of items and group them into categories’’:To classify books into chronological order (from 2001 to 2012), thematic order (crime books then adventure books and romance books), etc. ● To divide is: to separate into parts, sections, groups, or branches: to divide the students into three groups. We divide an hour into 60 minutes, and a minute into 60 seconds, etc. We could divide and classify at the same time: to divide the students into 3 groups (division) according to their age, intelligence, ethnic origin (classification)

25. We divide success and failure in an exam into grades:A, B, C and D. • Classifying: the courses in our college are ordered in the catalog according to departments (specialty): English, Biology, mathematics, physics, etc. • Division: our college organizes itself by breaking into components: the School of Education, the School of Social Sciences, etc. → Both classification and division are needed because they ‘‘help us order items or pieces of information to study them or retrieve them more efficiently’’.

26. Using classification and division for a purpose • Classification and division can be used: a. To inform: ▪Classification can be used to inform the reader of the usefulness of certain items classified so that the reader may choose one or several items. For example, a writer may classify restaurants according to their diet choices to help the reader choose the appropriate restaurant.

27. ▪ Division can be used to inform the reader of the usefulness of an item, place, etc. For example, a writer may inform the reader of the different schools in a university so that the reader knows where to register. b. persuade: ▪ Classification and division can be used to persuade the reader about the importance or usefulness of certain items classified or divided. For example, Mahatma Ghandi classified resistance to colonization into ‘‘peaceful’’ and ‘‘violent’’ by showing their difference to persuade his people to ‘‘resist peacefully’’.

28. ▪ He also divided ‘‘peaceful resistance’’ into ‘‘passive resistance’’ and ‘‘civil disobedience’’ (العصيان المدني) so that his people would know the difference and choose ‘‘civil disobedience’’. c. Entertain: In order to entertain his audience, a writer may classify the world into three categories of people: ‘‘the stupid’’, ‘‘the ugly’’ and ‘‘the pretentious’’: the aim of the writer is to make the readers laugh and have fun.

29. d. Express feelings and relate experience. Classification and division in College, at Work, and in the Community: • In class students may use classification and division on many occasions: →You may be asked by your instructor to classify curriculum subjects according to their importance or usefulness for your course. → You may also be asked to ‘‘divide a lesson plan into its

30. Components and explain the characteristics of effective components to demonstrate that you can write a lesson plan’’. → Reading on pages 445-446. • At work you may need to classify and divide. For example, you may be asked to ‘‘develop an efficient business plan, so you should group elements of the plan according to categories such as marketing, acquisition of capital, management structure, and growth potential’’

31. The ordering principle of classification and division • There is not an only one way to classify and divide things. • For instance, you could classify colleges according to their ‘‘cost’’, ‘‘location’’, ‘‘degrees offered’’, etc.

32. Supporting Details: • Exemplification • Description • Process analysis • Cause-effect analysis • Comparison-contrast • Organizing Details: pp. 448-449