Conjunctions

1. Conjunctions

2. Punctuate compound sentences using coordinating conjunctions such as and, or, nor, and but. • Punctuate compound sentences using conjunctive adverbs such as therefore, however, and consequently.

3. Conjunctions • Conjunctions are connecting words. Two categories of conjunctions: • Those that join grammatically equal words or word groups: coordinating, conjunctiveadverbs, correlative • Those that join grammatically unequal words or work groups: subordinating • Recognizing conjunctions and their uses will help you use commas and semicolons correctly.

4. Coordinating Conjunctions This copier is fast, simple, and economical. (Words) Should our team meet in the morning or in the afternoon? (Phrases) Quality is expected, butservice is even more important. (Clauses) • Coordinating conjunctions connect: (1) words, (2) phrases, and(3) clauses of equal grammatical rank • Most common coordinating conjunctions: and, or, but, nor

5. Coordinating Conjunctions Tanya said that she wanted to go, yetshe hasn’t called. Filling that position will not be easy, forfew applicants have the necessary technical skills. Marcus isn’t feeling well, so he called in sick. • Less frequently used coordinating conjunctions: yet, for, so

6. Coordinating Conjunctions • As a coordinating conjunction, the word so should be used only in informal writing or conversation. Informal The parking lot is full, so you may use the street. Formal The parking lot is full; therefore, you may use the street. Alternative Although the parking lot is full, you may use the street. Alternative Because the parking lot is full, you may use the street.

7. Phrases and Clauses • Phrase: a group of related words WITHOUT a subject and a verb Kim came to the interviewin the morning. • Clause: a group of related words WITH a subject and a verb When she arrived, sheintroducedherself.

8. Simple and Compound Sentences • Simple sentence: has one independent clause―that is, one clause that can stand alone Each interviewee sent a résumé. • Compound sentence: has two or more independent clauses Kim spent many hours preparing her résumé, and she practiced her answers to typical interview questions.

9. Punctuating Compound Sentences • When a coordinating conjunction joins clauses in a compound sentence, place a comma before the conjunction. Kim dressed carefully for her interview,and she brought extra copies of her résumé to distribute. • The comma may be omitted if the entire sentence has fewer than 13 words. Kim left early and she arrived on time.

10. Punctuating Compound Sentences We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months. (No comma is needed because the coordinating conjunction joins verbs.) You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices. (No comma is needed because the coordinating conjunction joins phrases.) • Do NOT use commas when a coordinating conjunction joins compound verbs, objects, or phrases.

11. Insert commas, if needed, in these sentences. • Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money. • We appreciate your interest in our company and we encourage you to visit our website for more details. No comma needed ,

12. Insert commas, if needed, in these sentences. No comma needed • Wrap your return carefully and send it immediately. • We can install a system that meets your immediate needs ordesign a system that will grow with your company. No comma needed

13. Which sentence is preferable in formal writing? • All e-mail is monitored, so be careful about what you say. • Because all e-mail is monitored, be careful about what you say.

14. Conjunctive Adverbs • Conjunctive adverbs: may also be used to join equal sentence elements

15. Using Semicolons With Conjunctive Adverbs • Semicolons (not commas) are used beforeconjunctive adverbs that join independent clauses. • Commas immediately follow conjunctive adverbs of two or more syllables. Our supply of toner is quite low; therefore, we must reorder immediately. First, Debora Holmes was honored; then Linda Holloway received an award.

16. Using Commas With Parentheticals • Many words that function as conjunctive adverbs may also serve as parenthetical (interrupting) adverbs. • Use commas to set off parenthetical adverbs that interrupt the flow of a sentence. We are, therefore, reexamining all print advertising. You may, on the contrary, prefer shopping online.

17. How can you tell the difference between conjunctive adverbs and parenthetical adverbs? Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Parenthetical Adverbs Conjunctive adverbs: join two clauses Parenthetical adverbs: appear within one clause

18. Insert commas and semicolons as needed in these sentences. , ; • Brandon made an excellent suggestion however the team did not give its full approval. • Team members however did agree that Brandon should try his idea in a small trial. , ,

19. Insert commas and semicolons as needed in these sentences. ; , • Reducing prices can increase customer interest on the other hand lower prices may not increase profits. • We must produce quality products first then we must develop customer awareness. ;

20. Insert commas and semicolons as needed in these sentences. ; , • Last winter was very coldin fact it was the coldest winter on record. • We experienced as a result extremely high heating bills. , ,

21. Join unequal sentence elements using subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, if, since, and when. • Punctuate introductory dependent, terminal dependent, parenthetical, essential, and nonessential clauses.

22. Subordinating Conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions: join unequal sentence elements, such as dependent clauses joined to independent clauses

23. Clauses

24. Independent and Dependent Clauses Unless we hear from you by today, no materials can be sent. If you agree to these terms, please sign the contract. When you sign the agreement, we can begin the project. Please send us your insurance documents before you arrive for your appointment.

25. Punctuating Sentences With Dependent Clauses  Introductory Dependent Clauses  Terminal Dependent Clauses Parenthetical Clauses

26.  Introductory Dependent Clauses • Use a comma after a dependent (subordinate) clause that precedes an independent clause. • BecauseKim did well, she was offered a position. • Use a comma after an introductory dependent clause even though the subject and verb may not be stated. • If[it is] possible, send me a text message.

27.  Terminal Dependent Clauses • Generally, a dependent clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction does not require a comma when the clause falls at the end of a sentence. • Invoices must be verified before we pay the bill. • Kim was offered the position because she did well in the interview. • Please call me if you have any questions.

28.  Parenthetical Clauses • Within sentences, dependent parenthetical clauses that interrupt the flow and are not needed for grammatical completeness are sent off by commas. • The manager’s directive, unless we hear differently, must be implemented immediately. • At Friday’s meeting, if necessary, please help resolve any conflicts.

29. , Insert commas where needed in these sentences. • When they make calls smartphone users should move to private locations. • Smartphone users should move to private locations when they make calls. No comma needed

30. Insert commas where needed in these sentences. , • All future e-mail will be monitored although this has never been done in the past. • The hands-free cell phone bill unless the governor fails to sign it will go into effect October 1. , ,

31. , Insert commas where needed in these sentences. • If you have any questions please call me at Extension 2306. • Please call me at Extension 2306 if you have any questions. No comma needed

32. , Insert commas where needed in these sentences. • If possible you should send your text message again. • Because we value your business we will offer you free shipping on your next order. ,

33. Relative Clauses • Although classified as relative pronouns, the words who, whom, whose, which, andthat actually function as conjunctions when they introduce dependent clauses.

34. Relative Clauses

35. Punctuating Sentences With Essential Relative Clauses • Do not use commas with essential clauses. Every customer who visits our website leaves valuable data. (Person, essential—no commas) Any website that attracts visitors is successful. (Object, essential—no commas)

36. Punctuating Sentences With Nonessential Relative Clauses • Set off nonessential clauses from the rest of the sentence by commas. Ellen Patrick, whom we hired last year, is an excellent webmaster. (Person, nonessential—commas) Our website, which was originally intended for marketing, is becoming invaluable for customer service. (Object, nonessential—commas)

37. Choose the correct word to complete these sentences. • A smartphone (that/which) rang during the meeting was annoying. • My new Samsung Galaxy smartphone, (that/which) has many useful features, cost less than I expected.

38. Choose the correct word to complete these sentences. • A truck (that/which) was without proper tags was ticketed. • That Rent-a-Wreck truck, (that/which) was without proper tags, was ticketed.

39. , Insert commas where needed in these sentences. , • We hired Shawna Jones who came highly recommended for the social media coordinator position. • The IRS which audits less than 1 percent of all tax returns is choked with paperwork. , ,

40. Insert commas where needed in these sentences. • Even computers that have updated security software are sometimes infected with malicious viruses. • Our business computers which have updated security software were hit by hackers. No commas needed , ,

41. Punctuation Review, Compound Sentence—Comma • When a coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses: use a comma and or nor but Independent clause independent clause , .

42. Punctuation Review, Compound Sentence—Semicolon • When a conjunctive adverb joins two independent clauses: use a semicolon consequently, however, then nevertheless, therefore, Independent clause independent clause ; .

43. Punctuation Review, Simple Sentence—Commas • When a conjunctive adverb functions as a parenthetical adverb in a simple sentence (one independent clause): use commas consequently however then nevertheless therefore First part of independent clause second part of independent clause , , .

44. Punctuation Review, Complex Sentence—Comma • After a dependent clause introduced by a subordinate conjunction: use a comma Since If As When dependent clause independent clause , .

45. Punctuation Review, Complex Sentence—No Comma • Before a terminal dependent clause introduced by a subordinate conjunction: no comma since if as when Independent clause dependent clause .

46. Recognize correlative conjunctions such as either . . . or, notonly . . . butalso, and neither . . . nor. • Add variety to sentences by using more complex sentence patterns.

47. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions join grammatically equal sentence elements. • Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs both . . . and, not only . . . but (also), either . . . or, neither . . . nor. • When using correlative conjunctions, place them so that the words, phrases, and clauses being joined are parallel in construction.

48. Correlative Conjunctions

49. Sentence Variety: Four Kinds of Sentences  Simple  Compound  Complex  Compound-Complex

50. Sentence Variety: Four Kinds of Sentences