1 / 22

KRAKATOA Hydro- Volcanic Explosion and Tsunami

KRAKATOA Hydro- Volcanic Explosion and Tsunami. Krakatoa. Krakatoa exploded August 27, 1883 obliterated 5 square miles leaving a crater 3.5 miles across and 200-300 meters deep. 33 ft high tsunami waves hit Anjer and Merak demolishing the towns and killing most of the people

happy
Download Presentation

KRAKATOA Hydro- Volcanic Explosion and Tsunami

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. KRAKATOAHydro- VolcanicExplosionandTsunami

  2. Krakatoa • Krakatoa exploded August 27, 1883 obliterated 5 square miles leaving a crater 3.5 miles across and 200-300 meters deep. • 33 ft high tsunami waves hit Anjer and Merak demolishing the towns and killing most of the people • > 10,000. In Merak wave rose to 135 ft ASL and moved 100 ton Coral blocks up on the shore.

  3. Krakatoa Tsunami • Tsunami swept over 300 coastal towns and villages. Over 40,000 were killed by the tsunami waves. • Sea withdrew at Bombay, India and killed one person in Sri Lanka. • Tsunami produced by explosion and associated shock wave and pyroclastic flows.

  4. Krakatoa Before and After Explosion

  5. New Volcano – Anak Krakatau - 1983

  6. Travel Time of Major Tsunami from 4th Explosion and Collapse

  7. Area Flooded

  8. Max Run-up Heights (meters)

  9. Jakarta Tide GaugeBarographRecordshows early arrival of the atmos pressure waves

  10. Tide Gauge Records from Atmospheric Pressure Waves

  11. HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSIONS • Generated by Interaction of Magma with ground water. • Called Surtseyan after 1963 eruption off Iceland. • Water flashes to steam and expands explosively • H2O(LIQUID) > H2O(GAS) at constant volume has a 30 Kbar PRESSURE

  12. Modeling Hydrovolcanic Explosions • Water described as an Explosive and a propagating detonation is modeled for hot liquid water going to gas. • BKW steady state conditions of C-J state of 89 kbar, 5900 m/sec, 0.75 cc/gm, 1100o K for liquid water with -46.3 kcal/mole Heat of Formation to model energy (19 kcal/mole) for hot lava heating water to ~1100o K.

  13. Krakatoa ModelSpherical Geometry 2 0 Km -3 200 m 100 m Water 500 m Hot Spot 3 4 10 Km AXIS BASALT

  14. Hydrovolcanic Explosion 0.1 sec 0.3 sec 0.2 sec

  15. KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC ERUPTION – Density Contours 0.5 Sec 0.4 Sec 0.4 Sec 0.5 Sec 0.7 Sec 0.6 Sec 0.7 Sec 0.6 Sec

  16. Krakatoa Hydrovolcanic EruptionDensity Contours 1.5 Sec 2.0 Sec 1.0 Sec 3.2 Sec 10.0 sec

  17. Krakatoa Hydrovolcanic EruptionX-velocity contours 0.4 Sec 1 Sec Note Strong Air shock 2 Sec 10 Sec

  18. Krakatoa Hydrovolcanic EruptionDensity Contours First 0.67 sec MOVIES AVAILABLE on NMWW DVD

  19. 4 km 5 km WAVE Profile 8 km

  20. TSUNAMI WAVE Radius Wave Height Period 4 km 130 meters 25 sec 5 km 48 meters 12 sec 8 km 7.5 meters 6 sec Inside the hydrovolcanic explosion at 1.5 km radius it expands up for more than 2 km with initial pressure >25 kb

  21. Did it look like 1946 Bikini Shot? 21 Kt at 27 m depth – Krakatoa 150-200 megatons

  22. Krakatoa • The tsunamis had periods of less than 5 minutes and wavelength of less than 7 km thus rapidly decayed. • The far field effects were negligible but recorded on tide gauges around the world. Caused by air shock propagating and coupling to the ocean.

More Related