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Disease Epidemiology and Diagnosis Overview

Learn about disease transmission, diagnosis techniques, and epidemiological approaches. Understand the terms related to disease processes and study major etiologic categories.

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Disease Epidemiology and Diagnosis Overview

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  1. Epidemiology Concepts and Terms

  2. Homeostasis • Define • Major systems • Communication

  3. Holistic View • Health vs. Disease • Wellness Model (health focus) • Awareness • Education • Growth • Treatment Model (disease focus) • Signs • Symptoms • Disability • Death

  4. Definitions • Pathogen • Disease • Morbidity • Mortality • Symptoms • Signs • Etiology • Pathogenicity

  5. Symbiosis

  6. Microbiotica • Normal • Resident • Acquired 1st months of life • Lifetime population • Transient • Competition • Immune • Opportunistic • Immune suppression • Change in competition • Change site of residence • Pathogens • Contamination • Food • Air • Water • Infection

  7. Ecological Fitness

  8. Immune Defense

  9. Portals of Entry • Skin • Mucous Membranes • Open body cavities • Placenta • Parenteral • SC • IM • IV

  10. Adhesion • Adhesion factors • Protein ligands • Examples • Fimbria • Flagella • Glycocalyx • Binding • Glycoproteins • Mannose • Galactose • Each other = Biofilms • Avirulence • No adhesion factors • No binding

  11. Disease Process • Incubation • Prodromal • Illness • Decline • Convalescence

  12. Pathogenicity • Virulence Factors • Plasmids • Resistance to Ab • Extracellular enzymes • Coagulase • Hemolysins • Toxins • Exotoxins • Cytotoxin • Neurotoxin • Enterotoxin • Endotoxins = Lipid A • Avoid phagocytosis • Capsules • Motility • Change lysosome fxn • Increased WBC destruction

  13. Toxins

  14. Sequella to Injury

  15. Portals of Exit

  16. Sources of Disease • Reservoirs • Animals • Zoonotic • Human carriers • Nonliving • Soil • Water • Food

  17. Host Life Cycles • Life Cycle • L1 • L3 • Adult • Hosts • Definitive • Intermediate • Secondary • Incidental • Dead-End • Stages • Infectious • Diagnostic

  18. Transmission of Disease • Contact • Direct • Indirect (Fomites) • Droplet • Vehicle • Air • Food • Water • Body fluids • Vector • Mechanical • Flies • Roaches • Biological • Lice • Mosquitoes • Ticks Lyme Disease

  19. Classification of Disease • Stages • Acute • Chronic • Subacute • Latent • Types • Communicable • Contagious • Non-communicable • Source • Primary • Secondary • Region • Local • Systemic • Focal

  20. Disease Diagnosis • 5 Components • Epidemiology • Etiology • Pathophysiology • Clinical Manifestations • Outcome “COPE”

  21. Koch’s Postulates • 1) Pathogen for every disease • 2) Isolate and grown in pure culture • 3) Cause disease in healthy susceptible host • 4) Reisolate pathogen from experimental host • Exceptions • Culture issues (temp, pH, O2) • Multifactoral causes • Ethical concerns (primates)

  22. Epidemiological Approaches • Descriptive • Disease data • Analytical • Koch’s Postulates • Retrospective • Experimental • Testing hypothesis

  23. Epidemiology • Epidemiology • Define • Factors • Predisposing • Precipitating • Questions • Where, When, How, Why, and Who • Related Terms • Frequency • Incidence • Prevalence • Outcomes • Morbidity • Mortality • Geography • Endemic • Epidemic • Pandemic • Sporadic Herpes D Virus (HDV)

  24. Hospital • Nosocomial • Sources • Exogenous • Endogenous • Iatrogenic

  25. CDC Reportable Diseases (examples) • Viral /Bacterial • HIV • Anthrax • Influenza • Pertussis, Diphtheria • TB, Leprosy • Botulism, Tetanus • Hepatitis • E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella • STDs • Cholera • Mumps, Measles, Rubella • Legionella • Small Pox • Tularemia • Toxic Shock • Leptospirosis • Vector Borne • Lyme • Plague • RMSF • Ehrlichia • Malaria, Yellow Fever • Zoonotic • Rabies • Brucellosis • Cryptosporosis • Toxoplasmosis

  26. Public Health Groups • CDC • WHO • US Departments • Agriculture • Health

  27. Biohazard Risk Groups

  28. Major Etiologic Categories • Genetic • Sickle Cell Anemia • CF • MD • Hemophilia A • Acquired • Infectious • Traumatic • Iatrogenic • Nosocomal • Multifactoral • CAD • DM • Cancer • Congenital Heart Disease • Hypertension • Emphysema

  29. Various Classification of Disease • Anatomical • Organ • System • Developmental (age) • Neonatology • Pediatrics • Adolescent • Adult • Geriatrics • Etiological

  30. Etiology, DAMNIT ! (DAMNIT-V) • D = Degenerative, Developmental • A = Anomaly, Accident, Autoimmune • M = Metabolic, Mechanical, Mental • N = Neoplasia, Nutrition, Neurological • I = Infectious, Immune, Iatrogenic, Idiopathic, Inherited, Inflammatory, Ischemic • T = Trauma, Toxins, Toxicities • V = Vascular

  31. My Possible Problem List • Location • Gross • Histological • Physiological • Remember: DAMNIT-V

  32. Clinical Manifestations • Symptoms /Syndrome • Patient Report • Subjective • Related Terms: Prodromal, Insidious, Latent • Signs • Health care exam • Observable phenomena • Objective • Diagnostic Criteria • Laboratory results • Imaging • Biopsy Digital Thermal Imaging

  33. Medical Records • S • O • A • P

  34. Outcome • Expected • Prognosis • Actual • Cure • Remission • Exacerbation • Complication • Sequella • Palliative • Death

  35. Stress • Define • Stressor examples • Positive • Negative • Types • Major • Minor • Symptoms • GAS • Alarm (ANS) • Resistance (H-P-A axis) • Exhaustion (+ feedback)

  36. Stress Related Disorders • Immune: Autoimmune, Neoplasia • Cardiovascular: HT, CAD, Dysrhythmias • Respiratory: Asthma, URTI, TB • Renal: Interstitial cystitis • Neurologic: Depression, MS, Headache • GI: Diarrhea, IBS, Eating Disorders • Endocrine: DM, Hyperthyroidism • Reproductive: Infertility • Musculoskeletal: RA, SLE, Chronic Fatigue • Integumentary: Eczema, Acne, Urticaria, Herpes

  37. Adaptation • Define • AKA • Compensatory mechanisms • Homeostatic Mechanisms • Control Systems • Regulatory systems • Homeostatic Control and Feedback • Limits • Energy use • Efficient (overshoot, undershoot) • Effective (prolonged response  change feedback)

  38. De-stress • Sleep • Exercise • Diet • Medical Check-ups • Energy • Attitude Stressed is Desserts spelled backwards!

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