Mandy Lombard, NMMU and UCT, South Africa

1. Overview of similarities and differences between terrestrial and marine planning Mandy Lombard, NMMU and UCT, South Africa

2. Acknowledgements: Richard Cowling and Andrew Knight (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University) Mathieu Rouget (SA National Biodiversity Insitute) Belinda Reyers (CSIR) Jan Vlok (Botanist) Bob Pressey and Hedley Grantham (University of Queensland) Lynnath Beckley (Murdoch) Jean Harris (KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife) Kerry Sink (SANBI) George Branch and Barry Clark (University of Cape Town) Deon Nel (WWF)

3. The conservation planning process is the same 2. The basic steps are the same Similarities

4. Conservation activity Assessment Planning Management Empowered Persistence Conservation goal Involved Retention Stakeholder collaboration Informed Representation Rapid In perpetuity Time scale Conservation Planning Process LEARNING INSTITUTIONS IMPLEMENTATION STAKEHOLDERS ENABLING CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES Conservation Planning Process MAINSTREAMING CONSERVATION PRIORITIES IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY CONSERVATION VALUES DATA Knight et al. 2006a

5. 1: map biodiversity features (species and habitats) 2: map spatially fixed processes 3: define spatially flexible processes • Length • coastline • %of area • Process 4: set targets for all patterns & processes Southern Right Whale feeding grounds and nursery areas 5: identify and map the spatial extent of threats to all patterns and processes 6: identify gaps in current protection of patterns & processes (assessment: C-Plan, Marxan, etc.) 7: identify spatial/management interventions to ensure target achievement Conservation Planning Steps

6. extensive movement of organisms in a system • with few discrete boundaries Differences • There are real differences in ecology and scale: • dynamic nature of oceanographic processes • high natural variability • connected water matrix SST Chl

7. Differences The diversity of marine habitats and species is comparatively greater (marine) BUT The knowledge of this diversity, and also of the underlying processes that maintain it, is disproportionately poor (data are harder to collect, way more expensive, so more use of surrogates)

8. Differences There has been concern that marine systems may be too open and variable to support area-based conservation approaches Marine - mostly about management of extraction (targets have been fisheries based - catch limits) Terrestrial - mainly about setting aside areas (targets are area based)

9. Differences Are real and perceived differences in: • Ownership • Human use • Sustainability • Regulation • Access rights Marine – GREAT importance of: • local knowledge • extensive stakeholder support • compliance monitoring

10. Threats to terrestrial environment  • Habitat destruction (fragmentation) Differences • Threats to marine environment • Extractive marine living resource use • Pollution • Mining • Coastal development • Climate change • Catchment degradation • Non-extractive recreational activities • Alien invasive species • Mariculture • (few extinctions)

12. BCLME KwaZulu-Natal Agulhas Bioregion Offshore MPAs Prince Edward Islands Six current MPA Projects: National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment

13. Special challenges in the marine environment • Where are the bioregions? • - 3-D environment • - limited patterns maps • - limited process maps • - limited human use maps

14. INSHORE BIOREGIONS (X5) D e l a g o a S o u t h - w e s t B i o r e g i o n I n d i a n O f f s h o r e B i o r e g i o n N a t a l B i o r e g i o n N a m a q u a W e s t I n d i a n B i o r e g i o n O f f s h o r e B i o r e g i o n S o u t h - w e s t e r n C a p e B i o r e g i o n A t l a n t i c O f f s h o r e B i o r e g i o n A g u l h a s I n d o - P a c i f i c B i o r e g i o n O f f s h o r e B i o r e g i o n OFFSHORE BIOREGIONS (X4)

15. Unknown (surrogates) 2. Where is the biodivesity? Known

16. 3a. What scale should we be mapping at for effective implementation?

17. 3b. What scale should we be mapping at for effective implementation? Deep-sea sediments

18. 4. How do we map and protect the moving component of biodiversity?

19. 5. How do we map ecosystem processes (offshore)? The three-dimensional nature of the marine environment and its temporal variability pose difficult challenges in understanding and managing the pelagic (water column) component ofthe oceans.

21. KwaZulu-Natal (SeaPlan) Sea surface temperature Chlorophyll

22. Offshore “Profiles”– 1km x 1km Defined by ……. * Depth * Geology & sediment type * Sediment stability/mobility * Turbidity * Temperature * Chlorophyll

25. Oceanographic Provinces Bakun (Ocean triads)

26. 6. How do we incorporate costs and opportunities into MPA planning? (i) Map human activity in the marine environment         Who are they and what are they doing?         Where do they go in space and time?         How much do they go?         What are the costs/values/significance of the activities?

27. (ii) Map vulnerability Rouget et al. (2003). BiologicalConservation Kerri Wilson

28. (iii) Incorporate this information into the conservation planning analyses (Marxan) Romola Stewart

29. 2 0 0 n m 2 0 0 n m Prince 1 2 n m Edward Islands To Australia 7. How does one trade long-term biodiversity goals with short-term fisheries goals?

30. Patagonian toothfish Lombard et al. (2007). Antarctic Science

31. The Gap In Conservation Planning Research Implementation Conservation planning: - goal is to design protected areas and other management strategies which represent and ensure the persistence of nature - by separating it from the activities which degrade or destroy it However: - conservation assessments are rarely translated into actions which actually conserve nature The gap: There is a “research-implementation gap” between conservation science and ‘real-world’ action Conclusion: A re-evaluation of the research direction of both the conceptual and operational basis of conservation planning is urgently required Knight et al. 2006b

32. The End