Part 2

1. Part 2 nb

2. Asthma / COPD: Ipratropium Beta blockers Pilocarpine Bronchoconstriction Parasympathetic

3. Sympathetic chains Vagi Sympathetic nerves Sympathetic nerves

4. Left vagus Sympathetic trunk, middle cervical ganglion Thoracic aortic plexus Vagus nerve on aortic arch Sympathetic trunk, thoracic ganglia Cardiac plexus

5. Lacrimal gland III VII IX X T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 T7 T7 Parasympathetic Sympathetic T8 T8 T9 T9 T10 T10 T11 T11 T12 T12 L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4 L4 L5 L5 S1 S1 S2 S2 Pre-ganglionic Blue Pre-ganglionic Red S3 S3 S4 S4 Post-ganglionic Pink Post-ganglionic Green

6. Autonomic drugs are very important in cardio-vascular system e.g. hypertension, angina, stable cardiac failure, shock, postural hypotension

8. Sympathetic but cholinergic

10. Anhydrosis: Neoplasms Spinal cord injuries Lumbar sympathectomy Lacrimal gland III VII IX X T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 T7 T7 Parasympathetic Sympathetic T8 T8 T9 T9 T10 T10 T11 T11 T12 T12 L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4 L4 L5 L5 S1 S1 S2 S2 Pre-ganglionic Blue Pre-ganglionic Red S3 S3 S4 S4 Post-ganglionic Pink Post-ganglionic Green

12. Lacrimal gland III Pheochromacytoma: Alpha blockers Beta blockers ? VII IX X T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 T7 T7 Parasympathetic Sympathetic T8 T8 T9 T9 T10 T10 T11 T11 T12 T12 L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4 L4 L5 L5 S1 S1 S2 S2 Pre-ganglionic Blue Pre-ganglionic Red S3 S3 S4 S4 Post-ganglionic Pink Post-ganglionic Green

13. Lacrimal gland III Glycogenolysis / gluconeogenesis: β2 effects. Beta blockers may mask the effects of anti-diabetic therapy VII IX X T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 T7 T7 Parasympathetic Sympathetic T8 T8 T9 T9 T10 T10 T11 T11 T12 T12 L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4 L4 L5 L5 S1 S1 S2 S2 Pre-ganglionic Blue Pre-ganglionic Red S3 S3 S4 S4 Post-ganglionic Pink Post-ganglionic Green

16. Lacrimal gland III VII IX X T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 T7 T7 Parasympathetic Sympathetic T8 T8 T9 T9 T10 T10 T11 T11 T12 T12 L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4 L4 L5 L5 S1 S1 S2 S2 Pre-ganglionic Blue Pre-ganglionic Red S3 S3 S4 S4 Post-ganglionic Pink Post-ganglionic Green

17. P A R A S Y M P A T H E T I C S Y M P A T H E T I C

19. Lacrimal gland Overflow incontinence Urge incontinence Antimuscarinics III VII IX X T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 T7 T7 Parasympathetic Sympathetic T8 T8 T9 T9 T10 T10 T11 T11 T12 T12 L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4 L4 L5 L5 S1 S1 S2 S2 Pre-ganglionic Blue Pre-ganglionic Red S3 S3 S4 S4 Post-ganglionic Pink Post-ganglionic Green

20. Parasympathetic Sympathetic

22. Premature Labor: β2 receptors cause relaxation of both pregnant and non –pregnant uteri. Beta agonists e.g. ritodrine Lacrimal gland III VII IX X T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 T7 T7 Parasympathetic Sympathetic T8 T8 T9 T9 T10 T10 T11 T11 T12 T12 L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 L4 L4 L5 L5 S1 S1 S2 S2 Pre-ganglionic Blue Pre-ganglionic Red S3 S3 S4 S4 Post-ganglionic Pink Post-ganglionic Green

23. Can you use β2 agonists in Diabetes?

24. or - + Heteroceptor Synaptic Vesicle Presynaptic - Autoreceptor Reuptake Synaptic cleft An autoreceptor is located on the nerve terminal A heteroceptor is located on the nerve terminal and it is activated by the neurotransmitter released by the same nerve terminal it is activated by a neurotransmitter secreted by another nerve and modulates the release of the same neurotransmitter but modulates the release the neurotransmitter secreted by the nerve terminal on which it is located Postsynaptic

25. Autoreceptor: ACh inhibiting its own release from presynaptic terminal Autoreceptor: NE inhibiting its own release from presynaptic terminal Heteroceptor: ACh inhibiting release of NE from adrenergic presynaptic terminal Heteroceptor: NE inhibiting release of ACh from cholinergic presynaptic terminal Presynaptic regulation of transmitter release from noradrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals Sympathetic Parasympathetic NA = Norepinephrine ACh = Acetylcholine + - - - - - NO PG release Endothelial cells Exocrine gland Smooth muscle

27. e.g. stimulating with insulin in type 2 diabetes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cell Receptor down-regulation

28. e.g. blocking with beta-blockers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cell Receptor up-regulation