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T Aramaki, C J Hailey, J Jou, J E Koglin, H T Yu Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory

Indirect Dark Matter Search with Antideuterons: Progress and Future Prospects for General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS). T Aramaki, C J Hailey, J Jou, J E Koglin, H T Yu Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory W W Craig, L Fabris, N Madden, K P Ziock Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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T Aramaki, C J Hailey, J Jou, J E Koglin, H T Yu Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory

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  1. Indirect Dark Matter Search with Antideuterons: Progress and Future Prospects for General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) T Aramaki, C J Hailey, J Jou, J E Koglin, H T YuColumbia Astrophysics Laboratory W W Craig, L Fabris, N Madden, K P ZiockLawrence Livermore National Laboratory F GahbauerUniversity of Latvia/Columbia University K MoriCITA/Toronto • Thanks to J Collins and LLNL electronics shop, T Decker, R Hill, G Tajiri, M Ieiri and the KEK staff • Support in part by a NASA SR&T grant, NAG5-5393

  2. How Does Cold Dark Matter Generate Antideuterons? X _p c _D _n q,h,W… c Dark MatterModel HadronizationMonte Carlo CoalescenceModel Uncertainties in Primary Antideuteron Flux Baer & Profumo 2005 • Pair annihilating WIMPS produce:g, n, e+… • Donato et al. (2000) suggest antideuteron signal _ p…

  3. Primary component:  neutralino annihilation _ X+X → D Secondary component: spallation _ p+H → p+H+D+D _ p+He → p+He+D+D Clean signature @ low E, but see Baret et al. 2003 However, sensitivity demand is daunting Low energy, neutralino-neutralino producedantideuterons are near background free Antideuteron flux at the earth (with propagation and solar modulation) Primary Secondary

  4. GAPS is based on radiative emission ofantiparticles captured into exotic atoms Atomic Transitions no,lo n=nK~15 n=6 g n=5 g n=4 g Degrader n=3 n=2 Exotic Atom p+ n=1 p+ p- p- po Segmented Detector p* Auger e- 19 keV TOF Refilling e- Target _ D p* 75 keV LadderDeexcitations Dn=1, Dl=1 p* 35 keV Nuclear Annihilation Anti-protonic atoms (in addition to Muonic, Pionic, Kaonic atoms) extensively studied and atomic transitions well understood.

  5. Comparison of Direct & Indirect Antideuteron Detection Sensitivities for SUSY DM There are ~20 current or planned direct detection experiments Indirect Antideuteron search offers a complementary method CDMS (Soudan) 2005 Si (7 keV threshold) CDMS (Soudan) 2004 + 2005 Ge (7 keV threshold) CDMS Soudan 2004+2005 Ge/Si SD-neutron/proton CDMSII (Projected) Development ZBG SuperCDMS (Projected) Phase C CDMSII (Soudan) projected CUORICINO projected exclusion limit COSME 2001 Exclusion Limit, 72.7 kg-days CRESST-I projection limit, Al2O3 CRESST-II projected limit, CaWO4 CRESST I SD-neutron/proton CRESST II SD-neutron/proton DAMA 2000 58k kg-days NaI DAMA 2003 NaI SD-neutron/proton DAMA Xe129 DMRC projection for 100kg CsI, 1cpd ELEGANT V NaI SI/SD limit, OTO COSMO Observatory Edelweiss I final limit, 62 kg-days Ge 2000+2002+2003 limit Edelweiss SD-neutron/proton Edelweiss Ge, projected GEDEON projection Genius Test Facility projected limit, 2001, energy threshold 2 keV Genino projected exclusion limit, DM2000 Heidelberg - Genius, projected IGEX projected exclusion limit (for 1kgyr) IGEX 2002 Nov limit NAIAD 2005 final result SI/SD PICASSO SD-neutron/proton (2005) SIMPLE SD-neutron/proton ZEPLIN I First Limit (2005) NAIAD spin indep. projected limit, 12 p.e./keV with 100 kg-yrs exposure XENON100 (100 kg) projected sensitivity XENON10 (10 kg) projected sensitivity XENON1T (1 tonne) projected sensitivity ZEPLIN I SD-neutron/proton(preliminary) ZEPLIN 2 projection ZEPLIN 4/MAX projected (2004) SuperK indirect SD-proton Baer & Profumo 2005

  6. Detector approach was dictated by trade between performance and shoe string budget GAPS Detector C (Aerogel) C2F6 (gas) 2004 KEK Experiment • 16 NaI(Tl) detector modules covering 40 cm long x 12 cm diameter target cell • Each modular 4x2 arrays of 25mm diameter x of 5 mm thick crystals (128 total) • Solid angle coverage ~ 0.3

  7. KEK Accelerator Tests to Demonstrate Fast-timing, Multi-X-ray Spectroscopy Approach 0.1 -0.1 4.5 5.7 Atomic Transitions Exotic Atom TOF Trigger Counters ShowerCounters Degrader Nuclear Annihilation Charged Veto [MeV] NaI Detector [keV] TOF & ShowerBeam Counters p* 0.2 50 TOF [ns] E [keV] 92 -0.3 -0.2 0.4 p* 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.9 198 0.2 p*

  8. 2004 KEK GAPS Results More importantly, we see X-ray transitions in events with multiple signatures!!! NaI Energy [keV] 1000 C2F6 Target Beam Direction 800 600 p * 400 38 200 86 0 33 0 3 X-ray + 1 p* Event We clearly get X-rays when we dump Antiprotons into our gas target No Target 50 100 150 200 250 300 NaI Energy Deposit [keV] Hailey et al. 2005 (accepted by JCAP)

  9. Solid and Liquid Targets Tested in 2005 CCl4 S CBr4(liquid) Targets chosen based on known, high Kaonic yields  Goal to measure Antiprotonic atom yields Al

  10. CBr4 – KEK 2005 Multi-X-ray Spectrum 4 X-ray Transition Event Cut:  2 X-ray &  4 total signals Hailey et al. 2005 (accepted by JCAP)

  11. Sulfur – KEK 2005 Multi-X-ray Spectrum 2 X-ray + 3 p* Event Cut:  2 X-ray &  4 total signals Hailey et al. 2005 (accepted by JCAP)

  12. Preliminary results from KEK experiments • Solid targets have been successfully utilized: simplification over initial gas concept is enormous Gaseous Antiparticle Spectrometer  General Antiparticle Spectrometer • Pion stars provide substantial additional antiparticle identification • Preliminary results on X-ray yields per capture are consistent with those used in original sensitivity calculations • Non-antiparticle background is cleanly identified and rejected  Conclusion: GAPS is probably more promising than originally anticipated

  13. Goal is to conduct balloon-based GAPS antideuteron search by 2009-2010 • Investigate flight detectors (e.g., CZT, LaCl, NaI), readout geometries (PMT, APD, fiber-coupled scintillator bars) and low cost electronics. 2006-2007 • Detailed design and simulation of flight geometry, extending on original work. 2006-2007 • Design and construction of gondola and first flight module. 2007-2008 • Flight test of prototype GAPS – possibly from Sanriku in Iwate, Japan. 2008 (T Yoshida & H Fuke have recently joined GAPS collaboration) • LDB flight from Antarctica or ULDB flight from Australia (if available). 2009-2010

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