Academic Integrity

Academic Integrity Dr Jonathan H. Klein Postgraduate Academic Integrity Officer 27th September 2018

Why are you here? Why are you here, embarking on a Masters programme of study at a UK university? Is it because UK Higher Education is internationally known as being of world-class quality? Is it because of our reputation, based on our higher education values?

What are the values of UK Higher Education? • Excellence in teaching and research • Rigour in argument • Open-minded respect for diversity and plurality of perspective • Academic Integrity

What is Academic Integrity? Academic Integrity (AI) is: • A guiding principle of academic life. • Integral to working and studying at University. • At its most basic, about “acting with honesty and responsibility in one's own Academic Work” (University Regulations 2018/19,: Regulations Governing Academic Integrity)

The principles of Academic Integrity • All work submitted under your name should be your own, unless clearly indicated otherwise. • You should not deceive or attempt to deceive (either by commission or omission). • You should not harm anyone. • You should respect the rights and confidentiality of all those with whom you engage in any way. • You should behave ethically at all times.

Breaches of AI regulations 1. Plagiarism 2. Recycling 3. Cheating 4. Falsification 5. Breaching ethical standards

Breaches of AI regulations 1: Plagiarism

What is plagiarism? Plagiarism is taking the words, ideas and labour of other people and giving the impression that they are your own. It is CHEATING! It is THEFT! It is one of the most serious academic offences you can commit at university.

Make sure you understand what plagiarism is In order to submit a piece of work for assessment you must sign a declaration stating that it is your own work. The University has clear guidance on plagiarism and its consequences (University Regulations 2018/19: Regulations Governing Academic Integrity). Ignorance is not an excuse.

Main forms of plagiarism Plagiarism includes: • CopyingANYTHING– text, pictures, diagrams, charts, tables, data – from ANYWHERE – a book, an article, a website, a newspaper, lecture handouts or PowerPoint presentations – without clearly indicating it is not original, and clearly referencing the source. • Paraphrasing (rewriting in your own words) without referencing the source. Even just a single sentence, or part of a sentence, can be plagiarism!

Other forms of plagiarism • Lending your work to another student, so that they can plagiarise it (you are both considered EQUALLYguilty, even if you were unaware of their intention). • “Recycling” material from one piece of work to another is also considered to be plagiarism: plagiarising from yourself.

How to avoid plagiarism There are two golden rules: • Always place quotations in inverted commas (or, for long passages, in indented text), to indicate that the words are not your own. • Always provide a precise reference (including page number, if appropriate) to quotations and other material (such as diagrams or tables) you reproduce in your work, and also to ideas, arguments and anything else that you make use of in your work.

Give credit to your sources Clearly marking quoted test and referencing the original source: • Protects you from being accused of plagiarism. • Enables your reader/marker to tell what is your original work and what is the work of others. • Enables the reader/marker to go to the original source and find the material. • Provides evidence of the scope of your reading of relevant literature.

Referencing (1) References should be accurate and complete, so that the reader can find the original sources easily – include page numbers if appropriate (particularly for quoted text). Referencing should follow the Harvard Referencing system (see Guide to Harvard Referencing).

Referencing (2) References should be clearly indicated in your text: …Klein and Young (2015, p. 109) believe that “the challenges posed by the hypercomplexity of healthcare are effectively unique”… Each reference in the text should correspond to an entry in the reference list at the end of the text: J. H. Klein & T. Young (2015) Health care: a case of hypercomplexity? Health Systems 4, 104-110.

Detecting plagiarism: Turnitin The University uses Turnitin: software for detecting plagiarism which has an enormous repository of plagiarisable materials, including current and archived versions of material accessible on the internet, the text of books, newspapers and journals, and tens of millions of student papers. All coursework submitted by students is put through Turnitin.

Turnitin policy You can submit a draft version of any piece of work to Turnitin: • You can see the report it generates. • You can resubmit a revised version. This provides you with the opportunity to remove material that you have mistakenly plasgiarised. This policy applies to all modules (unless you have been informed otherwise).

Exercise Can you identify plagiarism?

The following text occurs in a paper by Klein and Young (2015, p. 106): It is certainly true that many other domains have the potential to exhibit the level of complexity of the health care domain. The environmental domain, for example, has such potential: it clearly spans objective and socially constructed worlds in a manner similar to the health care system, and this, we would suggest, is one of the major sources of complexity in environmental matters.

Is this plagiarism (1)? It is certainly true that many other domains have the potential to exhibit the level of complexity of the health care domain. The environmental domain, for example, has such potential: it clearly spans objective and socially constructed worlds in a manner similar to the health care system, and this, we would suggest, is one of the major sources of complexity in environmental matters.

Is this plagiarism (1)? It is certainly true that many other domains have the potential to exhibit the level of complexity of the health care domain. The environmental domain, for example, has such potential: it clearly spans objective and socially constructed worlds in a manner similar to the health care system, and this, we would suggest, is one of the major sources of complexity in environmental matters. Yes: it’s an unreferenced direct quote

Is this plagiarism (2)? It cannot be denied that several other domains can display a level of complexity similar to that of the health care domain. For example, the environmental domain clearly involves the objective world and the socially constructed world just as the health care system does, and we feel that this is one of the prime reasons why environmental matters are so complex.

Is this plagiarism (2)? It cannot be denied that several other domains can display a level of complexity similar to that of the health care domain. For example, the environmental domain clearly involves the objective world and the socially constructed world just as the health care system does, and we feel that this is one of the prime reasons why environmental matters are so complex. Yes: it’s an unreferenced attempt to paraphrase

Is this plagiarism (3)? Klein and Young (2015, p. 106) suggest that: “it is certainly true that many other domains have the potential to exhibit the level of complexity of the health care domain. The environmental domain, for example, has such potential: it clearly spans objective and socially constructed worlds in a manner similar to the health care system, and this, we would suggest, is one of the major sources of complexity in environmental matters.”

Is this plagiarism (3)? Klein and Young (2015, p. 106) suggest that: “it is certainly true that many other domains have the potential to exhibit the level of complexity of the health care domain. The environmental domain, for example, has such potential: it clearly spans objective and socially constructed worlds in a manner similar to the health care system, and this, we would suggest, is one of the major sources of complexity in environmental matters.” No: it’s a referenced direct quote

Is this plagiarism (4)? Complexity is not unique to the domain of health care. The environmental domain resembles healthcare in its encompassing of both rational objective science and subjective opinion, and could indeed rival health care in terms of the complexity it exhibits.

Is this plagiarism (4)? Complexity is not unique to the domain of health care. The environmental domain resembles healthcare in its encompassing of both rational objective science and subjective opinion, and could indeed rival health care in terms of the complexity it exhibits. Yes: it’s unreferenced paraphrasing

Is this plagiarism (5)? Complexity is not unique to the domain of health care. The environmental domain resembles healthcare in its encompassing of both rational objective science and subjective opinion, and could indeed rival health care in terms of the complexity it exhibits. (Klein & Young, 2015, p. 106)

Is this plagiarism (5)? Complexity is not unique to the domain of health care. The environmental domain resembles healthcare in its encompassing of both rational objective science and subjective opinion, and could indeed rival health care in terms of the complexity it exhibits. (Klein & Young, 2015, p. 106) No: it’s referenced paraphrasing

Breaches of AI regulations 2: Recycling

Recycling Recycling is the reuse of a piece (or part of a piece) of your own work which you have already submitted for assessment somewhere (anywhere). Unless you are specifically told otherwise, it is a form of plagiarism (“self-plagiarism”) and it is not permitted. Don’t do it!

Breaches of AI regulations 3: Cheating

Do not cheat in exams • No notes or other sources of information should be brought into exams (unless specifically permitted). • Paper translation dictionaries are permitted - they must not be annotated. • No electronic dictionaries. • No mobile phones. • Only use the model of calculator approved by the University (see the University’s exam regulations for details). • No communicating in any way with other students during an exam.

Follow the exam regulations! At the start of the exam, you should not read the exam paper or start writing until you have been told you can do so. At the end of the exam, you must stop writing as soon as you are told to do so: • You should make sure that your personal details are written on the cover of all your exam script books before the end of the exam.

Do not cheat in coursework Do not buy pieces of work or pay other people (“ghost writers”) to write pieces of work for you: • It’s an extremely serious offence. • It exposes you to the risk of blackmail and extortion by the seller, or anyone else who knows about what you’ve done – for the rest of your career! • Never trust a ghost writer!

Breaches of AI regulations 4: Falsification

What is falsification? Falsification is the invention of false data or results in any piece of work, and includes: • Inventing interview data. • Changing or adding to survey data.

Breaches of AI regulations 5: Breaching ethical standards

Ethical standards Any research or other work must be undertaken ethically: Generally: • Confidentiality of individuals and organisations must always be respected and protected. • Data should not be obtained by deception. • Activities should not be likely to cause harm to anyone.

Possible penalties for AI breaches Possible penalties include: • Reduction of the mark for the specific assessment or examination to zero, with or without right to resubmit. • Failure in the module. • Failure in the year as a whole. • Termination of programme.

Final word Often students plagiarise or cheat because they are scared of failing. The worry may make it seem worth the risk. However, • Cheats are nearly always caught. • The outcome can be far worse than failing.

Useful material University Regulations 2018/19: Regulations Governing Academic Integrity http://www.calendar.soton.ac.uk/sectionIV/academic-integrity-regs.html Exam regulations http://www.southampton.ac.uk/studentadmin/assessment/assessment_overview/examregs/ Guide to Harvard Referencing http://library.soton.ac.uk/ld.php?content_id=4660789

More useful material Academic Skills: Academic Integrity http://library.soton.ac.uk/sash/ai Citethemright Online http://www.citethemrightonline.com

Academic Integrity