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Arrays and Loops

Learn about arrays and loops in Java programming, including array declaration, initialization, manipulation, and loop structures.

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Arrays and Loops

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  1. Arrays, Loopsweeks 4-6(change from syllabus for week 6) Chapter 4

  2. 0 1 2 3 Arrays • Each variable only holds one item • if > 1 item wanted, need an array • array that holds a word • arrays hold elements all of the same type char[ ] word = new char[4]; • holds 4 elements of type char word

  3. 'h' 0 1 2 3 'h' 'e' 0 1 2 3 'h' 'h' 'e' 'e' 'r' 'o' 'o' 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 char[ ] word = new char[4]; two parts to an array: index -- integer element – type inside array word[3] = 'o'; word[0] = 'h'; word[2] = 'r'; word[1] = 'e';

  4. 'h' 'h' 'e' 'e' 'r' 'r' 'o' 'd' 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 Array manipulation • Can use variables for index OR elements int i=3; char new = 'd'; word[i] = new; • can find length word.length // is 4 • largest index is always length – 1 • word[4] is RUN time error

  5. arrays and new char[ ] word; • creates word that is of type char array that points to nothing word = new word[4]; • creates array of 4 elements initialized to \u0000 (Java always initializes primitives to 0)

  6. Myarray example public class Myarray { private static Circle[] circles; private static double[] area; // other stuff in the class }

  7. Myarray gets elements allocated • Create an object circles = new Circle[4]; area = new double[4];

  8. createcircles() • createcircles() circles[0] = new Circle();

  9. array creation summary • char[ ] word; creates a space named word that contains null • word = new char [4]; allocates 4 chars, initialized, word points to them • classes: Circle[ ] mycircles; same as word • mycircles = new Circle[4]; allocates 4 spaces that contain null • mycircles[0] = new Circle( ); creates an actual circle

  10. Repetition in arrays • arrays often do the same thing (e.g., for each Circle in array, create a Circle) for (int i=0; i<circles.length; i++) circles[i] = new Circle( ); memorize this line

  11. Do: On the board • Write code to declare a 4 character word array, then write a loop to initialize chars in word to be 'A' • Write code to declare a 4 character array, then write a loop to initalize chars in word to be ABCD (do this in a loop). Hint: use a separate variable for the element value (start with 'A') • Declare an int array with 10 integers and write a loop to put the value of the index into the element (e.g., intarray[3] should have the value 3)

  12. Loops Notes adapted from Dr. Flores

  13. “while” structures • It repeats a set of statements while a condition is true. • while (condition) • { • execute these statements; • }

  14. “while” structures • It repeats a set of statements while a condition is true. • while ( condition ) • { • execute these statements; • } 1 2 3 • The dynamics of “while” • Evaluate condition: • if TRUE go to 2 • If FALSE go to 3 • Execute statements, and then go to 1 • Continue with next statement. 1. 2. 3.

  15. “while” structures • It repeats a set of statements while a condition is true. • int speedLimit = 55; • int speed = 0; • while ( speed <= speedLimit ) • { • speed = speed + 1; • } • // since we don’t want a ticket… • speed = speed - 1; • What is the value of “speed” at this point?

  16. “while” structures • It repeats a set of statements while a condition is true. • int speedLimit = 55; • int speed = 0; • while ( speed < speedLimit ) • { • speed = speed + 1; • } • // since we don’t want a ticket… • speed = speed - 1; 1 initialize variables in conditional 2 modify variables in conditional

  17. “while” structures • Adding the values of an array of integers • int grades[] = new int[1000]; • /* • the values of the elements • are somehow initialized here. • */ • int i = 0; • int sum = 0; • while ( i < grades.length ) { • sum += grades[i]; • i++; • } • System.out.println(“The sum is ” + sum);

  18. “while” structures: Exercises • Determine the output of the following methods: • public void foo1() { • int i=0; • while (i <= 20) { • System.out.println( i ); • i = i + 4; • } • } • public void foo2() { • int i = 20; • while (i > 0) { • i = i / 2; • System.out.println( i ); • } • }

  19. Quiz 4 (parts 1 and 2) • Write a method named “countDown” that receives an integer parameter named “number”, and displays (using System.out.println) all numbers from the number down to 0. • For example, if the parameter was 8, the method should display numbers 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, in this order and with each number in one line. • Write a method named “countEven” that receives an integer parameter named “number”, displays (using System.out.println) all even numbers between 0 and the number received, and returns a integer value with the number of even numbers displayed. • For example, if the parameter was 8, the method should display numbers 2, 4 and 6, in this order and with each number in one line, and return a value of 3 (which is how many even numbers were between 0 and 8).

  20. Quiz 4 (parts 3 and 4) • Write a method named “reverse” that receives an integer parameter named “number” and displays (using System.out.println) the number with all digits reversed. The method should only work with positive parameter values. For example, if the number was 2001, the method should display 1002. (Hint: use modulus by 10 to extract the last digit from the number, and then divide the number by 10 before extracting the next digit). • Write a method named “prime” that returns a boolean value indicating whether an integer parameter named number is a prime number (i.e., not divisible by any number except 1 and the number itself). Use only positive integers. • Write methods 1-4 on a piece of paper handwritten, NOT typed.

  21. “for” structures • It (also) repeatsstatements while a condition is true. 1 2 4 loop condition initial statement modify statement for ( ; ; ) { statements; } 3 5 • The dynamics of “for” • Initialize condition variables. • Evaluate loop condition: • if TRUE go to 3 • If FALSE go to 5 • Execute statements; then go to 4 • Modify condition variables; then go to 2 • Continue with next statements.

  22. “for” structures: Exercises • Write a method named “factorial” that calculates the factorial of an integer parameter named “number” (where factorial is the multiplication of all numbers from 1 to number-1). The method should return an integer number with the result of the factorial, and it should work only with positive numbers (return 0 in the case of non-positive parameter numbers). • Write a method named “prime” that returns a boolean value indicating whether an integer parameter named “number” is a prime number (where a prime number is a number that is not divisible without remainder by any other numbers except 1 and the number itself). The method should work only with positive numbers (return false if a negative parameter number is given). • Sample list of prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 19, 23…

  23. “for” structures: Exercises • Write a method named “digits” that displays (using System.out.println) the digits of an integer parameter named “number” separated by dashes (“-”). For example, when receiving the number 1234 as a parameter, the method should display “1-2-3-4”. • Hints: use an array to store each digit as you extract them using the modulus operator. Since these digits are stored in the array in the inverse order as they are found in the number, you will need to print them backwards. Also, note that the last digit does not have a trailing dash!

  24. Containers(ArrayList) Chapter 4

  25. ArrayList • Like arrays, but have built in operators • Use library (package) import java.util.ArrayList; • Declare variable private ArrayList circles; • To create a list circles = new ArrayList( ); // NOT Circle • To add an element to the list (like Circle c) circles.add(c)

  26. More ArrayList methods • To find the size: circles.size(); • To retrieve an element: circles.get(1); //returns the second element • To remove an element circles.remove(1); // removes the second element

  27. ArrayList Overview • Part of Java Containers • Not fixed size • Can add without having index • ArrayLists, Sets, Maps • Sets have no duplicates and no order • Maps have key and element association • Containers have same methods: (size, remove) • Can put in ANY object • No primitives in containers

  28. More on Containers • No need to specify type of object: private ArrayList circles; circles = new ArrayList( ); // NOT Circle circles.add(c); • c could be a Circle, a Square, a Student, ANY object • If c is a Student, c.changeColor(“red”); will cause runtime error, not syntax error

  29. ArrayLists are ugly Remember the ()s unlike arrays • for loop with index for (int i=0;i<circles.size( ); i++) { Circle c = circles.get(i); // this returns the ith circle c.changeColor(“red”); } • Syntax error: • Incompatible types - found java.Lang.Object but expected Circle • Object is superclass of all objects

  30. ArrayLists are ugly • for loop with index for (int i=0;i<circles.size( ); i++) { Circle c = (Circle) circles.get(i); c.changeColor(“red”); } • When using containers in the past, always had to cast object when removing them Cast to class that you put in there

  31. ArrayLists and Casting • Worse, you could put in something that is NOT a circle: Student s = new Student( ); circles.add(s); // more code, then: (Circle) circles.get(i) // where i is s’s index • Runtime error when a circle method is called • c.changeColor(“red”) // if c is student

  32. Solution: Java 5 Generics ArrayList<Circle> circles = new ArrayList<Circle>( ); • Now, syntax error for: Student s = new Student( ); circles.add(s); • Can’t do it

  33. More on Java 5 Generics • And, no casting: for (int i=0; i<circles.size( ); i++) { Circle c = circles.get(i); c.changeColor(“red”); } No “(Circle)”

  34. More on Container Loops • Containers can use iterators • New Java 5 for loop

  35. ClassWork • Write a class ConcentricCircles that holds an ArrayList of Circles. • Create a constructor that adds 3 circles to the ArrayList. Alternate black and white colors. • Write method DrawCircle that draws the circles.

  36. Quiz 5 • Write a ConcentricCircle class that has the methods: add and draw. The class should use an ArrayList using generics to • hold the circles. • The constructor should create one black circle in the middle of the canvas (150, 150) of size 20 (note: the circle will NOT have an xPosition and yPosition of 150. • Each additional call to add should add a circle with a diameter 15 larger and still centered around the center of the canvas. It should be white if the previous circle was black and black if the previous circle was white. Have a boolean instance variable to keep track of this. • Draw should make each circle in the ArrayList visible. • Turn in your ConcentricCircle source code.

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