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Preventing Pregnancy-Associated Injuries in Massachusetts

This study presents data on pregnancy-associated injury deaths in Massachusetts from 1990-1999. It highlights the impact of violence, substance abuse, and motor vehicle collisions on maternal mortality. The findings emphasize the importance of promoting women's well-being for healthy pregnancies and preventing pregnancy-associated illnesses and deaths. Key terms are defined and case identification methods and review processes are outlined. The study reveals disparities in maternal mortality by age, race, and income level, with preventable injuries accounting for a significant portion of deaths. Recommendations for preventing future deaths through changes in clinical care, facility infrastructure, and public health measures are provided. Moving forward, the focus is on action to support safe motherhood through education, screening, and support services for women and infants.

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Preventing Pregnancy-Associated Injuries in Massachusetts

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  1. Safe Motherhood in Massachusetts Pregnancy-associated injury deaths: Violence, substance abuse, and motor vehicle collisions, 1990-1999 Massachusetts Department of Public Health Public Health Council Meeting May 28, 2002

  2. Outline • Study overview and key terms • Results of data analysis • From review to action BFCH, MDPH 2002

  3. History of pregnancy-associated death review in MA 1941-1980s: Case review by MA Medical Society 1980s-1996: No case review - surveillance only 1997: Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Review Committee (MMMRC) convened • MDPH collaborators: BFCH, BHQM, Vital Records • Other collaborators: Chief Medical Examiner, clinical community • Review all deaths from 1995 onwards BFCH, MDPH 2002

  4. Safe Motherhood • CDC campaign • Promote well-being of women to help achieve healthy pregnancy, birth, and parenthood • Prevent pregnancy-associated illness, injury, and death BFCH, MDPH 2002

  5. Definitions and key terms • Maternal deaths: Women who died while pregnant or up to 42 days following the end of pregnancy from causes related to or aggravated by pregnancy, but not including injuries. (WHO) • Pregnancy-associated deaths: Women who died while pregnant or within one year following the end of pregnancy, from any cause including injuries. Includes maternal deaths. (CDC/ACOG) BFCH, MDPH 2002

  6. Definitions and key terms • Medical deaths: • Underlying cause of death was acute or chronic medical condition • May be related or unrelated to pregnancy • Injury deaths: • Underlying cause of death was an injury • Injury may have been intentional, unintentional, or of undetermined intent BFCH, MDPH 2002

  7. Case identification methods • Death certificates • Mandatory facility reporting to Division of Health Care Quality • Infant birth and fetal death certificates linked to death certificates of women of reproductive age • Newspaper reports • Domestic violence organizations BFCH, MDPH 2002

  8. Case review process • Was the death pregnancy-related? • Was the woman screened during birth hospitalization for violence, substance abuse, and depression? • What public health, clinical, or institutional strategies might prevent similar deaths in the future? BFCH, MDPH 2002

  9. Pregnancy-associated mortalityratio, Massachusetts, 1990-1999 Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Ratio (PAMR): • # of pregnancy-associated deaths per 100,000 live births • 1990-1999 aggregate PAMR = 27.2 BFCH, MDPH 2002

  10. Distribution of injury and medical causes of pregnancy-associated death 1990-1999 • There were 232 pregnancy-associated deaths. • Over one-third were injury-related. n=80 n=152 n=80 n=152 BFCH, MDPH 2002

  11. Leading causes of pregnancy-associated death 1990-1999 • Homicide leading cause overall (n=30) • 2 out of 3 were cases of domestic violence • Other leading causes of injury deaths: • Motor vehicle collisions (n=21) • Drug overdose (n=16) • Suicide (n=7) • Leading causes of medical deaths: • Cancer (n=28) • Acute and chronic respiratory conditions (n=23) • Cardiovascular disease and conditions (n=11 ) • Peripartum and postpartum cardiomyopathy (n=8) BFCH, MDPH 2002

  12. PAMR* by age at delivery for medical and injury deaths, 1990-1999 * Pregnancy-associated mortality ratio: # of deaths per 100,000 live births BFCH, MDPH 2002

  13. PAMR* by race and Hispanic ethnicity for medical and injury deaths, 1990-1999 * Pregnancy-associated mortality ratio: # of deaths per 100,000 live births BFCH, MDPH 2002

  14. PAMR* by source of payment at delivery for medical and injury deaths, 1990-99 * Pregnancy-associated mortality ratio: # of deaths per 100,000 live births BFCH, MDPH 2002

  15. Prevention of future deaths • All injury deaths are preventable from a public health perspective • Future deaths may be averted by one or more changes in the following: • Clinical care • Facility infrastructure • Public health infrastructure • Patient factors BFCH, MDPH 2002

  16. Summary of findings: Pregnancy-associated deaths in MA 1990-99 • 232 women died while pregnant or in the first year postpartum • Disparities exist by • Age at delivery • Race and Hispanic ethnicity • Source of payment at delivery (Income level) • Injuries account for one-third of all pregnancy-associated deaths and are preventable • Homicide was leading cause of death • 2 out of 3 homicides were cases of domestic violence BFCH, MDPH 2002

  17. Moving from data and review to action BFCH, MDPH 2002

  18. Periods of risk • Pregnancy • Early postpartum (0-41 days) • Late postpartum • 42-179 days • 180-364 days BFCH, MDPH 2002

  19. Number of injury deaths by cause and period of risk, 1990-1999 BFCH, MDPH 2002

  20. Opportunities - Number of provider visits by period of risk, 1990-1999 BFCH, MDPH 2002

  21. Steps to Support Safe Motherhood All providers of services and care to women and infants: • Educate allwomen about domestic violence, postpartum depression, substance use and proper seat belt use • Screen and re-screen all women for domestic violence, depression, suicide risk, substance use & seatbelt use • At regular intervals, including late postpartum • Document screening results and injuries • Advise & counsel women about resources & support BFCH, MDPH 2002

  22. Steps to Support Safe Motherhood • Institute policies and protocols to standardize approaches • Reduce stigma associated with these issues • Respect the culture and recognize the complexity of women’s lives • Create a comprehensive community response to improve the health of women • Work for policy changes that support women • Continuity of services beyond obstetrical care • Mental health parity issues BFCH, MDPH 2002

  23. Conclusions • Preventable causes of injury-related deaths indicate we need a public health approach to prevention • Many deaths occur in the late postpartum period when women don’t receive many services • Strategies need to address the timing of these deaths and enlist pediatric and adult primary care providers to join obstetrical providers in prevention efforts BFCH, MDPH 2002

  24. Many thanks! • Members of Maternal Mortality & Morbidity Review Committee • Community providers from injury prevention & substance abuse programs & clinical providers who participated in DPH summit to formulate strategies • Co-Authors of Report • Angela Nannini, NP, PhD • Catherine Oelschig • Judith Weiss, ScD BFCH, MDPH 2002

  25. Contact Information Bureau of Family and Community Health Massachusetts Department of Public Health 2 50 Washington Street, 5th Floor Boston, MA 02108 http://www.mass.gov/dph/bfch/mcfh/safemoms.htm Angela Nannini: 617.624.6069 angela.nannini@state.ma.us BFCH, MDPH 2002

  26. MA Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Review Committee Benjamin Sachs, MB.BS, Dph, FACOG, Chair Linda Clayton, MD Christine Combs, RN Susan DeJoy, CNM, MSN Richard Evans, MD, CME Fred Frigoletto, Jr., MD, FACOG Yvonne Gomez-Carrion, MD, FACOG Gary Kraus, MD J.P. O’Grady, MD Steven Ringer, MD, PhD Drucilla Roberts, MD Maria Valentin-Welch, CNM, MPH Randy Wertheimer, MD BFCH, MDPH 2002

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