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Comprehensive Guide to Ocular Anatomy and Physiology

Explore the intricate details of ocular anatomy and physiology, including the eyeball, orbit, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles, and visual pathway. Learn about the vascular supply to the eyeball and the structure and function of the cornea, sclera, iris, lens, and more.

haroldjwilliams
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Comprehensive Guide to Ocular Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Ocular anatomy

  2. SectionⅠ Eyeball Orbit Lacrimal apparatus Extraocular muscles visual organ & visual pathway Vascular supply to the eyeball

  3. Eyeball

  4. Orbit • Frontal • Zygomayic • Maxillary • Ethmoidal • Sphenoid • Lacrimal • Palatine

  5. Lacrimal apparatus • Lacrimal gland • Lacrimal passages • Lacrimal puncta • Lacrimal canaliculi • Lacrimal sac • Nasolacrimal duct

  6. Extraocular muscles • Medial rectus • Inferior • Lateral rectus • Superior rectus • Superior oblique • Inferior oblique

  7. Extraocular muscles

  8. outer：cornea，sclera media：iris，ciliary，choroid Wall inner：retina Eyeball content：aqueous humor，lens，vitreous body visual organ visual retina pathway Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Lateral geniculate body optic radiation occipital lobe optical center appendages：eyelid，conjuncliva，lacrimal， ocular，orbitalis apparatus muscles， visual organ

  9. visual pathway

  10. Vascular supply to the eyeball Artery • Central retinal artery,CRA • Ciliary artery,CA • Short posterior CA vein • Long posterior CA • Anterior ciliary CA • Central retinal vein,CRV • Vortex vein • Anterior ciliary vein

  11. Vascular supply to the eyeball

  12. SectionⅡ Ciliary body Cornea Sclera Iris Lens aqueous humor Choroid Vitreous body retina

  13. Oval transverse：11.5～12mm vertical：10.5～11mm curvature：anterior：7.8mm posterior：6.8mm antisymmetry thickness：centre：0.5～0.55mm periphery:1mm Refractive index：1.3771 Cornea

  14. Cornea Refractive power: 43D 2／3 of total

  15. Cornea Histologic structure： Epithelium Basement layer Bowman’s membrane Stroma Descemet’s membrane endothelium

  16. Cornea 1.Epithelium ： • 50μm • 5～6 layers • Squamous cell • Aliform cell • Basal cell • Renewing cycle≈7 days 2.Bowman’s membrane : • 12 μm • No cell • Collagen ，matrix • Scar

  17. Cornea 3.Stroma ： • 500 μm • 2～3％ corneal cell • 1％matrix（GAGs) • Fibrous lamina • 200～250 layers • Parallel to surface • Parallel collagen fiber • Ordered arrangement • Scar 4.Descemet membrane： • 10～12 μm • No structure • elasticcity • Secreted by endothelial cell • Basal membrane of endothelial cell • regeneration

  18. Cornea 5.Endothelium ： • 5 μm • Monolayer hexagen • 500 000 cells • Stop miosis • Tight junction • Pump

  19. Cornea • Blood vessel: • Limbus vascular net • Inner avascularity • Less nutrition • Innervation : • One of the most full tissue • ophthalmic nerve of Trigeminal nerve(N5) • Sensory nerve • Parasympathetic nerve • demyelination • Available when edema

  20. Physiology • Enegy • Transparency maintaining

  21. Physiology Transparency • Anatomy • avascularity，no pigment • Epithelium ordered arrangement ，no keratinization • Stroma ordered arrangement • Endothelium ordered arrangement • Tight junction of endothelium • Related hydration • pump • Hydration of stroma Transparency Transparency

  22. Sclera • Posterior 5／6 of fibrous mem • White , firm • Forward connect cornea-corneoscleral limbus • Backward :optic nerve • Sheath • Cribriform plate • Thickness Muscle attachment：0.3mm Nerve surrounding：1.0mm

  23. Sclera Histology • Episclera ：vascular contain • Sclera stroma：collagen fiber • Plate layer：pigment cell

  24. Sclera Physiologic function： • Appearance maintaining • Content protection • refraction

  25. Corneoscleral limbus • Transition zone: • ant：bowman`s terminal-descemet terminal • pos：scleral spur／iris rootvertical plane • 1.5～2.0mm width • appearance • Semitransparant zone • White sclera • Angle of AC

  26. Angle of anterior chamber • Ant-lateral：corneoscleral limbus • Pos-medial：anterior ciliary and iris root • Include: • Schwalbe line • trabecular reticulum • Schlenm cannel • Scleral spur • Ciliary zone • Iris root

  27. iris • Disc • Chamber separation • Puple ：2.5～4.0mm • whorl • Puple area • Ciliary zone

  28. iris Histology • Anterior surface layer • Stroma layer • chromocyte • sphincter muscle of pupil——parasympathetic nerve • dilator muscle of pupil——sympathetic nerve • Pigmentary epithelium

  29. iris pupil • Regulation of incident light volumn • Depth of focus and aberration

  30. Ciliary body • Connect iris root and choroid • Triangle • corona：2mm • Ciliary process：40～80个 • Pars plana：4mm • Muscle ——parasympathetic nerve • meridional fibers • Radial fibers • Circular fibers

  31. Ciliary body contraction: • Accomodation • Ring muscle contraction • Suspensory ligament internal traction，loose • IOP • meridional fibers contraction • Choroid shift forward，scleral spur draw backward • Open AAC/scleral vein • Choroid blood volumn↑ • Ciliary blood volumn↓

  32. aqueous humor • Full filled • 0.2ml • Refractive index：1.3774 • Drainage path • ciliary posterior chamberpupil anterior chambertrabecular Schlemm canal collection canal aqueous veinciliary veins • choroid

  33. aqueous humor • physiology • dioptric media • IOP maintain • Uniform RI of conea • metabolism • accomodation

  34. choroid • ora serrata——optic disc • Full of pigment and BV • Bruch membrane • nutrition，dark room

  35. 10 inner limiting membrane 09 nerve fiber layer 08 ganglion cell layer 07 inner plexiform layer 06 inner plexiform layer 05 external plexiform layer 04 external;nuclear layer 03 outer limiting membrane 02 retinal rod and cone cell layer 01 RPE Histology

  36. Lens • Transparent ，double convex mirror • Between pupil-iris and vitreous body • Diopter ：19D • ant：10mm • pos：6mm • Axis length：4mm • D：9mm • RI：1.4371

  37. Lens • Nonuniform RI • Elasticcity body • Accomodation intracapsular——RI

  38. Vitreous body • Transparent colloid • 4.5ml • RI:1.3360≈aqueous humor • Tight junction site: • Disc egde • Fovea surrounding • Basement of vitreous body • Posterior capsular（youth） • Cloquet canal • Lens posterior pole——in front of disc • Primary vitreous

  39. Retina • Transparent ,thin • Anterior rim：ora serrata • macula／fovea • Posterior pole • Keen • RPE-pigment • optic disk • Disc form • Nasal side of macula: 3mm • 1.5×1.75mm • optic cup C/D < 0.3

  40. Retina Special side: • Optic disc • Only optic nerve fiber • Physiological blind spot • macular • thinnest • Only rod——photopic vision，colour vision • Other layers abscent • Neuron singlet link • keen

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