Bromothymol Blue Lab

1. Bromothymol Blue Lab

2. Bromothymol Blue Lab • Bromothymol blue is a chemical indicator that changes color as the pH of a solution changes. It is yellow in acidic solutions and blue in basic and neutral solutions. • When CO2 is dissolved in water, it creates carbonic acid, pH 5.7. • In the body, carbonic acid is neutralized by bicarbonate. • One of the products of Cellular Respiration is CO2. As cells produce CO2, it is carried by blood cells to our lungs where it is exhaled.

3. Bromothymol Blue Lab • How is breathing related to cellular respiration? • Hypothesis: How will exercise affect the rate of cellular respiration? • How can Bromothymol blue help you measure your rate of cellular respiration?

4. Bromothymol Blue Lab • Materials • Stopwatch • Use your cell phone if necessary. • Drinking Straws • Found on the side of the room. • Bromothymol blue solution • You need 5 mL. • Beaker • Graduated cylinder • SAFETY GOGGLES FOR PERSON WHO IS HANDELING BROMOTHYMOL BLUE

5. Bromothymol Blue Lab • Safety Note • Do NOT inhale bromothymol blue. • If you do, the nurse/I have to induce vomiting. • No fun. • If you think you may laugh or inhale or something, don’t be directly part of this experiment. • Do NOT leave the bottles of BTB open – they’re air sensitive. • Obviously…

6. Procedures • Assign one person to be the timer, and one person to perform the experiment. • Fill the beaker with approximately 40 mL water and 5 mL bromothymol blue solution. • When the timer says “START”, the experimenter will exhale FROM THE LUNGS through the straw into the bromothymol blue solution until the color changes from blue to green. • Your partner will stop the time as soon as the color changes. • Record the time it took for the color change in the observation table below. This is the control group.

7. Procedures • Now have the experimenter do jumping jacks or a similar exercise for 1 minute. You should feel a little winded when you are finished! • Rinse out the beaker, and refill with 40 mL water and 5 mL bromothymol blue solution. • Using the same straw, exhale into the solution the same way as in the control group and record how long it takes for the solution to change color. • Write down the time it took for the color change in the observation table below. This is the variable group.

8. Clean Up • Throw away used straws. • Pour used Bromothymol blue down the sink with the water running. • Rinse out and dry beakers and graduated cylinders. • Wipe down area. • Graph, analyze and answer the questions.

9. Cellular Respiration Crash Course

10. Cellular Respiration • Definition: • The process of breaking down glucose to release energy and form molecules of ATP • Need to change the “currency” of energy from chemical bonds of glucose into ATP currency. • Equation: 6 6 6 C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + ATP H2O + Basically the reverse of Photosynthesis!

11. Glycolysis • Occurs in cytoplasm • (Does not need oxygen = Anaerobic) 2 Pyruvic Acids Glucose 4ATP out 2ATP in C C C C C C NAD+ NADH

12. Glycolysis • 2 NET ATP • NAD+ picks up Hydrogen/electrons for later! (ETC) 2 Pyruvic Acids Glucose 4ATP out 2ATP in C C C C C C NAD+ NADH

13. If oxygen is present… If oxygen is NOT present… Krebs Cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Fermentation • Occurs in mitochondria • Needs oxygen = Aerobic Flip your paper OVER

14. C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

15. Krebs Cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Continued Fermentation • 2 NET ATP produced (remember there are 2 pyruvates!) • NAD+ and FAD+ pick up hydrogen/electrons for later (ETC) • CO2 is given off!

16. Electron Transport Chain Fermentation • Occurs in mitochondria • Needs oxygen = Aerobic

18. Electron Transport Chain Fermentation • NAD/FAD pass electrons from carrier to carrier until it reaches the final electron acceptor (oxygen) • Hydrogen’s dropped off by NAD and FAD create concentration gradient • H2O is released • 34 ATP produced (about)

21. If oxygen is present… If oxygen is NOT present… Krebs Cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Fermentation • Def. - releases energy from glucose molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen • Does not need oxygen = anaerobic • Occurs in mitochondria • Needs oxygen = Aerobic Flip your paper OVER

22. Fermentation Continued Krebs Cycle aka: Citric Acid Cycle Continued • Two types: • Alcoholic Fermentation • Example: Yeast causes bread to rise. Wine, root beer, ginger ale can also be made. • 2 NET ATP produced (remember there are 2 pyruvates!) • NAD+ and FAD+ pick up hydrogen/electrons for later (ETC) • CO2 is off!

23. Fermentation Electron Transport Chain • Lactic Acid Fermentation • Example: Overworked muscles produce lactic acid which causes muscle cramps, cheese and kimchi also can be produced by fermentation. • NAD/FAD pass electrons from carrier to carrier until it reaches the final electron acceptor (oxygen) • Hydrogen’s dropped off by NAD and FAD create concentration gradient • H2O is released • 34 ATP produced (about)

24. Voting on Soda Flavors • Pick 3 • Root beer • Cream Soda • Cola • Cherry • Birch beer • Raspberry

25. Materials

26. Making Soda in Science Class! • Background Information • Pre-Lab Questions • What is the equation for cellular respiration? • What do you think the reactants of the soda reaction are (Make sure you read carefully, it may not be identical to the question above)? • What do you think the products of the soda will be? • Are we performing aerobic or anaerobic respiration in this experiment? Explain why.

27. Cellular Respiration Equation __________ + ________  _________ + __________ +________ Remember… If you know the photosynthesis equation, you know this one!

28. Cellular Respiration Review • Read each clue and try to answer! If you need an extra clue, Miss L will give you the word scrambled. • During cellular respiration, the cell releases energy from this material. (LCUOSEG) • The energy molecule created during cellular respiration. (TAP)

29. The type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen. (RBIAOCE) • The cell structure in which most of the reactions of cellular respiration occur. (OTMIDOHCRNIA) • In addition to energy, the other two products of cellular respiration. (RBAONC) (XIDIODE) (AWTRE)

30. The type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. (NAEBACORI) • The first stage of cellular respiration. (LCYOGLYISS) • When oxygen is present; the second stage of cellular respiration. (TICIRC) (CDAI) (YCLCE)

31. What ATP is (the primary ________ source of for the cell). (NEREGY) • Cells in the human body that are capable of anaerobic respiration. (USMLCE) • Another name for the citric acid cycle. (REKBS) (YLCCE) • As the energy of ATP is used by the body, the ATP becomes what compound? (DAP)

33. Cellular Respiration

34. Cellular Respiration Fairy Tale

36. Cellular Respiration Equation __________ + ________  _________ + __________ +________ Remember… If you know the photosynthesis equation, you know this one!

37. November 30th • Warm-up • Finish Cell Respiration Fairy Tale • Objectives  • Cellular Respiration Fairy Tale • Quiz • Homework  • Honors: None • Academic: None

38. Cellular Respiration Fairy Tale

39. Mitochondrial Disease Article

42. How does this stuff relate to me/ when will I ever use this? • Read article. • After reading: • Write a 3 paragraph response: • 1st ¶ – Summary of article • 2nd ¶ – How does this article relate to biology class? • 3rd ¶ – Personal opinion (what did you think about the article? Did this information surprise you? If scientists studied mitochondria in more detail, could we help cure diseases?)