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CONTENT:. DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSISETIOLOGYPATHOGENESISTREATMENT CONCLUSIONS. 2. DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSIS. Bernard at al (The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes,and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994)A clinical syndrome:Severe dyspnea of rapid onset.Diffuse pulmonary infiltrate /RxPulmonary-artery wedge pressure <18mmHg or the absence of clinical evidence of left atrial hypertensionPaO2/ FiO2 < 300 ? ALIPaO29979
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1. THE PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL II - INTENSIVE CARE AND ANTI-INTOXICATION UNIT
DR.LE HAI LOI 1
2. CONTENT: DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSIS
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
TREATMENT
CONCLUSIONS 2
3. DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSIS Bernard at al (The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes,and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994)
A clinical syndrome:
Severe dyspnea of rapid onset.
Diffuse pulmonary infiltrate /Rx
Pulmonary-artery wedge pressure <18mmHg or the absence of clinical evidence of left atrial hypertension
PaO2/ FiO2 < 300 ? ALI
PaO2/ FiO2 < 200 ? ARDS
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4. ETIOLOGY The NEJM 5/2000 4
5. PATHOGENESIS 5
6. PATHOGENESIS(cont) 6
7. TREATMENT General: ICU, prophylaxis VTE, GB, CVC, inf, nutrition.
Mechanical ventilation using relatively low VT.
Surfactant.
Extracorporeal techniques: Oxygenation(ECMO), CO2 removal.
Antiinflammatory therapies: Corticosteroids,PG E1, Neutrophil elastase inhibitors, Arachidonic acid Inhibitors.
?CORTICOSTEROIDS 7
8. PATHOGENESIS Glucocorticoids regulate the host defense response by
Inhibit the host defense response and inhibit the transcription of TNF, IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6.
Suppress the synthesis of phospholipase-a2,cox-2, and nitric oxide synthase-1 genes,
Decreasing the production of prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and nitric oxide, three additional key molecules in the inflammatory pathway.
Inhibitory effect on fibrogenesis and the expression of adhesion molecules. 8 Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 160. pp 10791100, 1999
9. PATHOGENESIS(cont) Fibroproliferation is a reaction reaprative and replace the damaged cells by accumulation products ? airspaces and walls of the intra-acinar microvessels.
Nonsurvivors of ARDS have higher initial plasma and BAL levels of TNFa , IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 compared with survivors.
Persistent elevation of plasma and BAL cytokines TNFa , IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-8 is reported in ARDS nonsurvivors 9 Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 160. pp 10791100, 1999
10. PATHOGENESIS(cont) Medurri: The surviving patients treated with corticosteroids had significant reductions in plasma and BAL TNFa , IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-8.
The decreases in the cytokine levels after 5 to 14 d of steroid treatment.
Meduri: significant decreases /plasma and BAL PINP and PIIINP in patients treated with cortocoid, whereas no changes in patients receiving placebo.
Decreases in plasma and BAL PINP and PIIINP levels correlated with improvements in LIS and PaO2/FIO2.
10 Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 160. pp 10791100, 1999
11. EVIDENCE BASE A number of trials have demonstrated that patients with ARDS do not benefit from a short course of large doses of corticosteroids administered early in the disease.
There is evidence that corticosteroids may be beneficial in the fibroproliferative phase, or late phase of ARDS
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12. EVIDENCE BASE(cont) Hooper and Kearl (Chest 97:138143.) 26 patients who were treated with corticosteroids for ARDS.
Improve in respiratory parameters.
Survival 81% (21 of 26).
3 patients died of MOD
1 died of a cardiac arrhythmia,
and 1 died of systemic candidiasis
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13. EVIDENCE BASE(cont) Biffl and cs (Am. J. Surg. 170:591596) 6 patients with persistent, severe ARDS failing CMV treated with methylprednisolone 1-2 mg/kg every 6 h
(PaO2/FIO2) improved from 84 to 172 (p< 0.01)
LIS decreased from 3.6 to 2.9 (p< 0.01) d7.
Overall survival was 83% (5 of 6).
The mean duration of corticosteroid therapy was 21.3 d
1 patient developed a S. aureus lung abscess and 2 patients had catheter-related sepsis.
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14. EVIDENCE BASE(cont) G. Umberto Meduri and ass. (JAMA. 1998;280:159-165) 4 ICU: 24 patients 1994 - 1996 RCT, double-blind
By Day 7 of treatment
PaO2/FIO2 increased from 164 to 234 (p=0.0004)
LIS decreased from 3.0 to 2.1 (p= 0.001)
Overall survival rate was 72% (18 of 25).
ICU survival 87% (13 of 15) in rapid responders, 83% (5 of 6) in delayed responders, and 25% (1 of 4) in the nonresponders.
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15. EVIDENCE BASE(cont) G. Umberto Meduri and ass. (CHEST 2007; 131:954963 RCT double-blind in 91 patients
Significant changes were observed for
Pa O2/FIO2 ratio 262 versus 148, p<0.001
LIS 1.7 versus 3.0, p<0.001
mean pulmonary arterypressure 22.5 versus 30.0 mm Hg, p< 0.01
MODS score 0.7 versus 1.8, p<0.001 in the corticosteroid-treated group versus the placebo group.
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16. Rong-chang Chen and ass. (CHEST 2006; 129:14411452)
Retrospective study: 401 of 1,278 SARS cases treated in Guangzhou China between 12/2002 and 6/2003.
Univariate analysis and adjustment for possible confounders, treatment with corticosteroid was shown contributing to lower overall mortality, instant mortality, and shorter hospitalization stay (p<0.05). EVIDENCE BASE(cont) 16
17. CONCLUSION There is no really specific therapy for ARDS.
There are more and more novel therapies for the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Nowaday, the new points are based on clinical evidences, we should give corticosteroid in the fibroproliferative phase of ARDS, 7-14 days, without evidence of infection. 17
18. REFERENCES Bernard GR et al. The American European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 818 824
Meduri et al. Corticosteroid rescue treatment of progressive fibroproliferation in late ARDS. Patterns of response and predictors of outcome. Chest 1994; 105: 1516 1527
Meduri GU et al. Effect of prolonged methylprednisoloine therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 159 165
Brun-Buisson C and Brochard L. Corticosteroid therapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Better late than never? JAMA 1998; 280: 182 183
New Management strategies in ARDS. Editor Levy MM. Critical Care Clinics, January 2002
JAMA -- Abstract Improved survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 1983-1993, January 25, 1995, Milberg et al_ 273 (4) 306_files
NEJM -- Efficacy and Safety of Corticosteroids for Persistent Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome_files
Use of corticosteroids in acute lung injury and ac___[Crit Care Med_ 2009] - PubMed Result_files
Novel therapies for the acute respiratory distress syndrome -Author: Mark D Siegel, MD Section Editor: Polly E Parsons, MD Deputy Editors: Kevin C Wilson, MD - Last literature review version 16.1: January 2008|This Topic Last Updated: May 8, 2007 18
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