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Understanding Digestive and Endocrine Systems in the Body

Explore the functions and components of the Digestive and Endocrine Systems, including ingestion, absorption, and hormone secretion. Learn about organs like the liver, pancreas, and their roles in digestion and metabolism.

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Understanding Digestive and Endocrine Systems in the Body

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  1. Unit 10Chapter 35The Digestive Endocrine Systems and

  2. The Digestive System • Functions: • Ingestion • Mechanical & chemical digestion • Absorption • Elimination of solid wastes

  3. The Digestive System • Mouth: • Teeth • Adapted for tearing & grinding food • Tongue • Adapted for tasting, & swallowing food, speech • Salivary glands • Secretes enzymes for digestion of starch

  4. The Digestive System • Esophagus • Muscular passageway that connects the throat to the stomach • Peristalsis • Wavelike contractions for moving food through the digestive tract

  5. The Digestive System • Stomach • Muscular, pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract • Mechanical digestion, muscular churning • Chemical digestion, gastric fluids begin the digestion of protein

  6. The Digestive System • Small intestine • Muscular tube connecting the stomach and large intestine • Completion of digestion by chemicals added from pancreas & liver • Absorption of food by villi • Fingerlike projections that increase the surface area

  7. Cross-section of Small Intestine showing villi

  8. The Digestive System • Liver (I) • Large organ that produces bile, which breaks down fats • Gall bladder (H) • Small organ storing bile from liver • Pancreas (D) • Soft gland that secretes both digestive enzymes & hormones

  9. The Digestive System • Large intestine • Muscular tube leading from the small intestine to the rectum • Absorption of water & minerals • Synthesis of vitamins by symbiotic bacteria • Elimination of indigestible wastes

  10. Nutrition • Carbohydrates (sugars & starches) • The body’s main source for energy • Lipids (fats, oils & waxes) • Stores energy for the body and used as building materials for cell membrane • Proteins • Provides cell structure & function, i.e. enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc

  11. Nutrition • Minerals & vitamins • For normal growth and chemical reactions • Minerals are inorganic, such as iron, iodine, & sodium • Vitamins are organic, such as riboflavin, niacin, & ascorbic acid • Water • Facilitates chemical reactions, universal solvent, maintains body temperature

  12. Calories measure energy content of food in units of heat

  13. The Endocrine System • Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream • Hormones • Chemical messengers relaying information to other, target, organs

  14. The Endocrine System • Negative feedback • Increasing one hormone inhibits another to reduce the production of the second hormone • Ex: insulin decreases sugar while glucagon increases sugar, together maintaining blood sugar levels

  15. The Endocrine System • Hypothalamus • Portion of the brain that connects the nervous and endocrine system (pituitary g.) • Pituitary gland • Secretes 9 hormones that directly regulate the actions of several other endocrine glands • Ex: Growth hormone is essential for normal growth & development

  16. The Endocrine System • Thyroid gland • Has a major role in regulating the body’s metabolism • Ex: Calcitonin regulates calcium levels in the blood

  17. The Endocrine System • Adrenal gland • Plays a major role in preparing the body for stressful situations • Ex: Epinephrine (adrenalin) is associated with the body’s fight or flight reactions

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