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Unit 10 Chapter 35 The Digestive Endocrine Systems

Unit 10 Chapter 35 The Digestive Endocrine Systems. and. The Digestive System. Functions: Ingestion Mechanical & chemical digestion Absorption Elimination of solid wastes. The Digestive System. Mouth: Teeth Adapted for tearing & grinding food Tongue

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Unit 10 Chapter 35 The Digestive Endocrine Systems

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  1. Unit 10Chapter 35The Digestive Endocrine Systems and

  2. The Digestive System • Functions: • Ingestion • Mechanical & chemical digestion • Absorption • Elimination of solid wastes

  3. The Digestive System • Mouth: • Teeth • Adapted for tearing & grinding food • Tongue • Adapted for tasting, & swallowing food, speech • Salivary glands • Secretes enzymes for digestion of starch

  4. The Digestive System • Esophagus • Muscular passageway that connects the throat to the stomach • Peristalsis • Wavelike contractions for moving food through the digestive tract

  5. The Digestive System • Stomach • Muscular, pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract • Mechanical digestion, muscular churning • Chemical digestion, gastric fluids begin the digestion of protein

  6. The Digestive System • Small intestine • Muscular tube connecting the stomach and large intestine • Completion of digestion by chemicals added from pancreas & liver • Absorption of food by villi • Fingerlike projections that increase the surface area

  7. Cross-section of Small Intestine showing villi

  8. The Digestive System • Liver (I) • Large organ that produces bile, which breaks down fats • Gall bladder (H) • Small organ storing bile from liver • Pancreas (D) • Soft gland that secretes both digestive enzymes & hormones

  9. The Digestive System • Large intestine • Muscular tube leading from the small intestine to the rectum • Absorption of water & minerals • Synthesis of vitamins by symbiotic bacteria • Elimination of indigestible wastes

  10. Nutrition • Carbohydrates (sugars & starches) • The body’s main source for energy • Lipids (fats, oils & waxes) • Stores energy for the body and used as building materials for cell membrane • Proteins • Provides cell structure & function, i.e. enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc

  11. Nutrition • Minerals & vitamins • For normal growth and chemical reactions • Minerals are inorganic, such as iron, iodine, & sodium • Vitamins are organic, such as riboflavin, niacin, & ascorbic acid • Water • Facilitates chemical reactions, universal solvent, maintains body temperature

  12. Calories measure energy content of food in units of heat

  13. The Endocrine System • Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream • Hormones • Chemical messengers relaying information to other, target, organs

  14. The Endocrine System • Negative feedback • Increasing one hormone inhibits another to reduce the production of the second hormone • Ex: insulin decreases sugar while glucagon increases sugar, together maintaining blood sugar levels

  15. The Endocrine System • Hypothalamus • Portion of the brain that connects the nervous and endocrine system (pituitary g.) • Pituitary gland • Secretes 9 hormones that directly regulate the actions of several other endocrine glands • Ex: Growth hormone is essential for normal growth & development

  16. The Endocrine System • Thyroid gland • Has a major role in regulating the body’s metabolism • Ex: Calcitonin regulates calcium levels in the blood

  17. The Endocrine System • Adrenal gland • Plays a major role in preparing the body for stressful situations • Ex: Epinephrine (adrenalin) is associated with the body’s fight or flight reactions

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