Insert the title of your presentation here

1. Where is the evidence? Pre-driver education and training Insert the title of your presentation here Presented by Name HereJob Title - Date Poppy Husband Psychologist 14.05.14

2. Agenda 1 Background 2 Current provision in GB 3 Evidence base 4 Evaluation 5 Where next?

3. Background

4. Novice Driver Evidence Review Review and synthesis of evidence in three areas Pre-driver education and training Graduated driver licensing The Road Traffic (New Drivers) Act (1995) • GDL is effective at reducing collisions and the quality of evidence is high • Evidence from countries where GDL has been implemented is consistent • Almost no evidence in the existing literature on the effectiveness of the New Drivers Act to influence: • Offences • Collisions • Attitudes • Behaviours Focus of the current presentation

5. Definition • Pre-driver education and training refers to interventions for pre-17 year olds that implicitly or explicitly seek to improve safety by focusing on some outcome variable… • Attitudes • Behaviours • Collisions …related to being a driver or passenger in a motor vehicle

6. Current GB Provision

7. Current Provision • Extensive provision of pre-driver education and training in GB via numerous public, private and charitable organisations

8. Current Provision • Interventions can be categorised as seeking to improve safety by satisfying one or more of the following: • Influencing attitudes • Imparting knowledge • Improving skills

9. Current Provision • Approaches: • Provision of information • Influencing attitudes to driving • Training of driving skills • Interventions are well-intentioned, but tend not to be based on formal theory and knowledge (e.g psychology) • Due to the number of pre-driver education and training it might be expected that a relatively large evidence base supporting these interventions exists

10. Evidence base

11. Evidence of effectiveness • Very few interventions have been evaluated • Most have such low scientific quality and their results cannot be determine as reliable or representative • Evidence base for pre-driver education and training is weak at best

12. Evidence of effectiveness • No intervention has demonstrated an effect on reducing novice driver collisions • Some evidence of small/temporary changes in attitudes, however the relationship of these with subsequent driving behaviour/collision risk has not been demonstrated

13. Understanding the lack of evidence Based on McKenna (2010) • Inappropriate foundation for the intervention • Information deficit model • Dosage • Risk as a value, and pleasure as a pleasure • Social norms • Exposure to risk

14. Lack of evidence of effectiveness • Review of road safety education suggested that the lack of evidence for effectiveness does not mean that… • “…no educational intervention can work, but rather that the evidence must be provided” (McKenna, 2010, p12)

15. Where next?

16. What are the gaps in knowledge? Deighton & Luther (2007) • Specific attitudes held by young people • Time required to change an attitude • Transfer of information from a non-road transport environment • Age and the effectiveness of persuasive communication • Factors influencing attitude retention

17. How can the gaps be filled? • Ensure interventions are theory based • (Stradling, Fylan & Scott, 2012) • Standardised scientific methodologies are urgently required for pre-driver education and training interventions so their potential effectiveness can be assessed (or potential harm) • Focus on interventions with a strong evidence base • GDL is effective at reducing collisions and the quality of the evidence is high (Kinnear et al., 2013)

18. What can we learn from public health? Client Preference Research Evidence EBP Professional Judgement • Evidence based practice approach

19. Conclusions

20. Role of pre-driver education and training • Extensive provision of pre-driver education/training in GB • Some evidence found that pre-driver education/training improves attitudes to driving, however these improvements are generally small and short-term • Issue of interventions causing harm instead of good • Continued use of pre-driver education and training should be seen as an opportunity to build a formal evidence base • Role to support a comprehensive approach to driver licensing

21. References Deighton, C. & Luther, R. (2007). Pre-driver education. A critical review of the literature on attitude change and development, good practice in pre-driver education and programme effectiveness. Road Safety Research Report. London: Department for Transport. Kinnear, N., Lloyd, L., Helman, S., Husband, P., Scoons, J., Jones, S., Stradling, S.,McKenna, F., & Broughton, J. (2013). Novice drivers: Evidence Review and Evaluation. RPN2553. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory McKenna, F.P. (2010b). Education in Road Safety: Are we getting it right? Report No. 10/113. London RAC Foundation Stradling, S., Fylan, F. & Scott, H. (2012). Applying behavioural change techniques to road safety education. Paper International Conference on Traffic & Transport Psychology, Groningen.

22. Do YouHave Any Questions?