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Livestock Feeding & Nutrition Nutrition. Objectives. 1. Define the terms to know (handout). 2. Describe the digestion process in livestock. 3. Identify the parts involved in the digestion process. 4. Discuss & describe the 3 types of digestive systems. . Objectives.
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Livestock Feeding & Nutrition Nutrition
Objectives 1. Define the terms to know (handout). 2. Describe the digestion process in livestock. 3. Identify the parts involved in the digestion process. 4. Discuss & describe the 3 types of digestive systems.
Objectives 5. Explain the process of metabolism. 6. List the 6 main nutrient groups. 7. List quantities in which feeds may be purchased. 8. List factors to consider when purchasing feeds. 9. List commercial feed tag requirements. 10. Balance feed rations using the Pearson Square Method.
2. Digestion Breaking down and releasing of nutrients in feeds, so they may be absorbed into the bloodstream.
2. Digestive Process Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Chemically- saliva, stomach juices Physically- teeth, stomach acids Mouth->esophagus->stomach ->small intestine->large intestine ->anus
3. Stomach Place of most chemical breakdown Extremely acidic—pH of 2 (Hydrocholoric acid) Acid kills bad bacteria that is ingested with feedstuffs
3. Small Intestine Receives partially digested feedstuffs Three Parts: duodenum, ileum, and jejunum Absorption of nutrients occurs here by means of osmosis
3. Large Intestine Undigested material is prepared for excretion Site of water absorption
4. Digestive Systems There are 3 digestive structures in livestock: A. Monogastric: humans, dogs, cats, pigs B. Polygastric (Ruminants): cows, sheep, goats, llamas C. Pseudoruminants: horses
4. Monogastric Simple, one compartment stomach stomach= storage Small intestine = digestion Small stomachs need several small meals Diet is high in concentrates and proteins
4. Monogastric Very little fiber in their diet (Can’t digest) Exceptions are equine and rabbits—They can digest forages because of their cecum. Equine animals are about 60% as efficient as ruminants at digesting forages.
4. Poultry Monogastric with physical differences No teeth Proventriculus adds acid to feeds before being grinded by the gizzard. Consume rocks and grit to help grind up their feed Small amounts at a time
4. Polygastric (Ruminants) Four compartment stomach – rumen, reticulum, omasum & abomasum. Much larger than monogastric’s Spend an average of 8 hours a day ruminating They eat large amounts at one time Bring their food back to the mouth (regurgitate) and chew it again - then digest That bolus of feed that is regurgitated is known as the cud.
4. Omasum Abomasum 3rd compartment of the ruminant stomach Helps absorb water and fatty acids Most similar to monogastric stomach True stomach Hydrocholoric acid secreted to breakdown food Food heads to small intestine from here
5. Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all the processes & changes that take place in food nutrients after they have been absorbed from the digestive tract. This process takes place in every cell of the body. 3 part process 1. Anabolism- growth and repair of cells 2. Catabolism- breakdown of tissues 3. Oxidation of nutrients- necessary to release energy when needed by animals. Important in stressful times.
6. Nutrient Needs Purposes-maintenance, growth, production, reproduction, and finish Classes- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
6. Carbohydrates Organic substances Composed of: C, H, O Primary source of energy 3 Classes: mono-, di-, and poly- saccharides Must be fed daily; are not stored Excess sugars are stored as fat
6. Fats Energy source Composed of: C, H, O 2.25X more energy than carbs Not as easily digested as carbs
6. Proteins Build and repair tissue Must for growth and reproduction Composed of: C, H, O, N 10 essential amino acids that are required for synthesis of the other 13 amino acids Examples: Agrinine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine Most common deficiency and has the largest impact on animals
6. Vitamins Organic compounds Groups: Fat Soluble- A, D, E, and K Water Soluble- C and B-complex Water soluble are not stored in the body Green plants = great sources of vitamins
6. Minerals Inorganic elements Provided via supplements Macro- need in larger amounts Micro- need in small amounts; trace minerals Very Important: calcium, iron, sodium, and potassium
6. Water MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT 40-80% of animal bodies are water Controls: temperature regulation, can’t digest other nutrients without, need for chemical processes Animals can survive 2X as long without food than water!!
7. Quantities of Feed Purchases • Bulk: measured by the ton & is bagged for the purchaser to haul or to be delivered to the purchaser and augered into a storage facility. • 50 lbs. Paper Sacks (Bags): priced per hunderdweight and is usually discounted on large quanitities purchased.
8. Factors to Consider Before Purchasing Feed • Type of livestock being fed. • Protein Level: usually the most important factor in purchasing feed. • Performance expected from livestock: maintenance, growth, fattening, production, reproduction, work. • Quantity • Condition & size of the storage facility. • Price in relation to feeding value.
9. Balancing Feed Rations • See additional powerpoint presentation or handouts.
