Nutrition

1. Nutrition 0 Why do we need to eat? What do we need to eat? What happens to food we eat?

2. Nutrition 0 Why do we need to eat? energy calories building blocks macronutrients micronutrients

3. Macronutrients 0 carbohydrates lipids (fats) proteins Micronutrients vitamins, minerals

4. 0 Carbohydrates starches and sugars most calories for most people wheat, rice, oats, corn,… Contain: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Cn(H2O)n

5. 0 Carbohydrates building blocks are called: monosaccharides aka., simple sugars e.g., glucose, fructose

6. Fig. 10-1

7. 0 Carbohydrates Put two -saccharides together: disaccharide e.g., lactose, sucrose, maltose

8. 0 Carbohydrates Put many -saccharides together: glucose polysaccharides cellulose starch glycogen

9. 0 Carbohydrates cellulose plant, unbranched starch plant, branched glycogen animal, branched All made from glucose

10. glucose + O2 H20 + CO2 + ATP 0 Why do we need glucose ? ingestive heterotrophs cellular respiration energy

11. Macronutrients 0 carbohydrates lipids

12. 0 lipids (fats, oils, steroids) molecules that do not mix with water made of hydrocarbon chains non-polar

13. - O + H H + 0 water is polar unequally shared electrons

14. 0 Some other molecules are “polar” and will mix well with water: hydrophilic Some molecules are not polar (non-polar) and don’t mix well with water: hydrophobic

15. 0 Some lipids are made from fatty acids:

16. Fig. 10-2

17. 0 Some lipids are made from fatty acids: fats and oils

18. Fig. 10-3

19. 0 Some lipids are made from fatty acids: fats and oils Some are made from cholesterol:

20. Fig. 10-3

21. 0 Some lipids are made from fatty acids: fats and oils Some are made from cholesterol: steroids

22. 0 cell membranes are made of: phospholipids

23. Fig. 10-4

24. 0 cell membranes are made of: bilayer phospholipids

25. Fig. 10-4

26. 0 cell membranes are made of: bilayer phopholipids cholesterol

27. Fig. 10-4

28. 0 cell membranes are made of: bilayer phopholipids cholesterol proteins

29. Macronutrients 0 carbohydrates lipids (fats) proteins

30. 0 Proteins: building blocks are called: amino acids (20) e.g., glycine, valine (8 are essential)

31. Fig. 10-5

32. 0 Proteins: Functions: structure collagen, keratin transport through membrane

33. Fig. 10-4

34. 0 Proteins: Functions: structure collagen, keratin transport through membrane protection antibodies enzymes DNA Polymerase

35. Fig. 10-7

36. 0 Fiber carbohydrate (cellulose) not a source of calories helps “move” stuff through gut lower blood cholesterol

37. 0 Micronutrients Vitamins (table 10.2)

38. 0 Micronutrients Vitamins (table 10.2) too much (bottom pp. 336 and 338) too little diseases

39. 0 diseases beri-beri thiamine a vital amine vitamin

40. 0 diseases beri-beri thiamine (B1) scurvy C D rickets

41. 0 Micronutrients Vitamins Minerals Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, iron, etc.

42. 0 “vegetarian” vs. omnivore meat-avoiders meat-eaters plants material are good sources for most nutrients except: balance of amino acids vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

43. 0 REVIEW Chapter 10 Nutrition A. Human nutritional requirements • Macronutrients Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids • Micronutrients vitamins and minerals B. Digestive system • Anatomy and chemistry • absorbing nutrients • Cellular respiration

44. 0 Digestion breakdown food using enzymes chemical vs mechanical physically break food into smaller pieces

45. 0 Digestion Tube from mouth to anus

46. Fig. 10-8

47. Fig. 10-9

48. Chemical reactions: 0 enzyme reactants products

49. Protein digestion: 0 stomach (stomach) pepsin protein peptides

50. Protein digestion: 0 small intestine (pancreas) trypsin protein peptides (small intestine) peptidase peptides amino acids blood