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Geology-Earth Materials

Geology-Earth Materials. Unit Introduction. What are Earth materials and why are they important to us?. Objective. 1 Relate atomic and molecular structure to the traits of minerals and include the major mineral groups. 2 Identify the major elements of the Earth’s crust.

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Geology-Earth Materials

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  1. Geology-Earth Materials

  2. Unit Introduction • What are Earth materials and why are they important to us?

  3. Objective • 1 Relate atomic and molecular structure to the traits of minerals and include the major mineral groups. • 2 Identify the major elements of the Earth’s crust. • 3 Identify common minerals and ores and their uses. Include: quartz, calcite, talc, gypsum, fluorite, feldspar, biotite, muscovite, hematite, galena, halite, pyrite, magnetite, sulfur, and graphite. • 4 Identify Virginia’s major rock and mineral resources and their uses.

  4. Enduring Understanding • Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.

  5. Earth Materials • Often the most common terms we use for the materials that make up our planet are used interchangeably. There is a difference between a “mineral” and a “rock” although we may find each in nature right next to each other. A brief review of atomic structure, elements, and compounds will help us begin this unit

  6. Atomic Structure • Element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical processes • All matter is made of elements

  7. Periodic Table http://www.webelements.com/

  8. Atomic Structure • 92 Elements occur naturally on Earth and in stars and others have been produced only in laboratories • They are identified by a 1 or 2 letter symbol

  9. Atomic Structure • Atom is the smallest particle of the element that has all of it’s characteristics

  10. Atomic Structure • Atoms are made of combinations of protons (+)and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons (-) orbiting around the nucleus • Electrons have very little mass

  11. Atomic Structure • Atomic Number is the number of protons in the nucleus

  12. Atomic Structure • Mass Number is the number of protons and neutrons of a specific isotope • Isotopes have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons Mass Number = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons

  13. Atomic Structure • Atomic Mass is the weighted average Mass Numbers of all the isotopes

  14. Combining Elements • Some elements are quite content to remain alone, but most will attempt to combine with other elements to form the various the common objects and substances we see every day. + = Table salt Sodium Metal Chlorine gas

  15. Combining Elements • Compound is a substance that is composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined. • Water (H2O) is a compound

  16. Combining Elements • An element’s tendency to react with other elements depends mainly on the number of electrons in it’s outermost energy level (shell). Atoms like to have their energy levels filled and will find other atoms to combine with and either take, give up, or share electrons to do so.

  17. Combining Elements • The energy levels go 2-8-8-32 etc • These are called valence electrons

  18. Combining Elements • Elements form bonds when this electron exchange takes place • Covalent bonds are formed when the atoms share valence electrons • http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55

  19. Combining Elements • Molecule is two or more atoms held together with covalent bonds; O2, H2 are common examples

  20. Combining Elements • Ionic Bonds are formed when one or more electrons are exchanged (not shared) between atoms. When this occurs the atoms become positively or negatively charged (ions) and attract each other; NaCl is a common example

  21. Combining Elements • NaCl is a common example

  22. Uses for Earth Materials • Nearly every single thing we use today comes from Earth directly or indirectly. The following is a list of minerals and ores

  23. Uses for Earth Materials • Name of mineral/ore Use(s) Quartz (mineral) Glass, watches

  24. Uses for Earth Materials Feldspar (mineral) Toothpaste

  25. Uses for Earth Materials • Calcite (mineral) Neutralizing acids

  26. Uses for Earth Materials Mica (mineral) Lampshades, insulation, makeup

  27. Uses for Earth Materials Pyrite (ore) Iron ore

  28. Uses for Earth Materials • Name of mineral/ore Use(s) Magnetite (ore) Iron ore

  29. Uses for Earth Materials Hematite (ore) Iron ore

  30. Uses for Earth Materials Galena (ore) Lead

  31. Uses for Earth Materials • Graphite (ore) Lubricant

  32. Uses for Earth Materials Sulfur (ore) Rubber, medicines

  33. Uses for Earth Materials • Bauxite (ore) Aluminum

  34. Uses for Earth Materials • Coal (sedimentary) Energy

  35. Uses for Earth Materials • Name of rock Use(s) • Gravel/stone (all) Road construction

  36. Uses for Earth Materials • Limestone Concrete

  37. Uses for Earth Materials • Granite Building materials

  38. Uses for Earth Materials • Name of rock Use(s) Pumice Lava soap abrasion

  39. Uses for Earth Materials Quartzite Building materials

  40. Uses for Earth Materials Slate Roofing, pool tables

  41. Homework • Read Ch 4

  42. Minerals

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