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Unit 4

Unit 4. Orthopedics, Osteopathy, and Body Regions. Bones. Origin Greek osteon = bone oste/o = combining form. Bones. Examples: oste/o/pathy = disease of bones doctor of oste/o/pathy = doctor who receives special training about skeleton and its relationship to disease

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Unit 4

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  1. Unit 4 Orthopedics, Osteopathy, and Body Regions

  2. Bones • Origin • Greek • osteon = bone • oste/o = combining form

  3. Bones • Examples: • oste/o/pathy = disease of bones • doctorofoste/o/pathy = doctor who receives special training about skeleton and its relationship to disease • oste/o/path/ic = adjectival form

  4. Bone Conditions • oste/itis = inflammation of bone • oste/o/malacia = softening of bone • Caused by: • Deficiencies of vitamin D and phosphate • Abnormal excretion of calcium • Contributing factor: • Tobacco use

  5. Bone Conditions • oste/o/por/osis = deterioration of bone matrix that results in pores and weakness • Caused by: • Menopause • Calcium deficiency • oste/o/penia = decreased bone density • Not as extreme as osteoporosis

  6. Bone Conditions • oste/oma = bone tumor • Hard growth on bone • oste/o/sarc/oma = bone cancer

  7. Ribs • cost/o = combining form • cost/al = adjectival form • Examples: • cost/ectomy = removal of rib or ribs • inter/costal = between ribs • Can refer to muscles between ribs that move them during breathing

  8. Ribs

  9. Pelvis • Framework of bones at base of spine • pelves = plural form • pelv/i = combining form • Examples: • pelv/i/metry = taking pelvic measurements • pelv/i/meter = device used to measure pelvis • cephal/o/pelv/ic = head of fetus and mother’s pelvis

  10. Pelvis • Pubis • Forwardmost bone of pelvis • Pubic bone • Another term for pubis • pub/o = combining form • Example: • supra/pub/ic = region above arch of pubis

  11. Bone Marrow • myel/o = bone marrow • Examples: • myel/o/cyte = young bone marrow cell • myelo/cyt/ic = pertaining to myelocytes • myelo/blast = bone marrow germ cell • Precursor to myelocyte • oste/o/myel/itis = inflammation of bone and marrow

  12. Spinal Cord • myel/o = spinal cord • Same combining form as bone marrow • Example: • myel/o/cyte = cell associated with myelin of brain and spinal cord • Myelin • Sheath that covers nerves

  13. Spinal Cord Conditions • myel/o/cele = herniation of spinal cord • mening/o/myel/o/cele = herniation of spinal cord and meninges • encephal/o/myel/o/pathy = any disease of brain and spinal cord

  14. Gray Matter • Brain and part of spinal cord made of nerve cell bodies that appear gray • poli/o = gray • Gray matter of nervous system

  15. Gray Matter • poli/o/myel/itis = inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord • Can result in: • Paralysis of limbs • Muscle atrophy • Caused by viral infection • Prevented by inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)

  16. Joints • arthr/o = joint • Examples: • arthr/itis = joint inflammation • oste/o/arthr/itis = inflammation characterized by destruction of bone and joint tissue • oste/o/arthr/o/pathy = bone and joint disease

  17. Joint Procedures • arthr/o/scope = instrument used to look into joint • arthr/o/scopy = procedure for examining joints with arthroscope • arthr/o/plasty = surgical repair of joint • arthr/o/tomy = incision into joint

  18. Rheumatology • rheumat/ism = painful disorders of joints, muscles, and connective tissue • rheumat/ology = specialty that studies, diagnoses, and treats rheumatic conditions • rheumat/ologist = one who specializes in rheumatology

  19. Rheumatology • Rheumat/oid arthr/it is • Results in: • Changes in joint structure • Increase in synovial (joint) fluid • Inflammation • Pain • Joint deformity • Caused by systemic autoimmune response

  20. Tendons • Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones • Origin • Latin • tendo = to stretch

  21. Tendons • Three combining forms: • ten/o • tend/o • tendin/o

  22. Tendon Conditions • tendin/itis = tendon inflammation • ten/algia = tendon pain • ten/o/dynia = tendon pain

  23. Tendon Procedures • Three terms for surgical repair of tendon: • tend/o/plasty • ten/o/plasty • tendin/o/plasty

  24. Bursae • Bursa • Small serous sac between tendon and bone • bursae = plural form • Origin • Latin • bursa = bag or purse

  25. Bursae • Examples: • burs/itis = inflammation of bursa • burs/ectomy = removal of bursa

  26. Bursae

  27. Cartilage • Tough elastic connective tissue found in: • Ears • Nose tip • Rib ends • Lining of joints

  28. Cartilage • chondr/o = combining form • Examples: • chondr/algia = cartilage pain • chondr/o/dynia = cartilage pain • chondr/ectomy = removal of cartilage

  29. Cartilage • Examples: • chondr/o/cost/al = pertaining to cartilage and ribs • inter/chondr/al = between cartilages • hypo/chondr/ial = below cartilage • Rib cage cartilage region

  30. Cartilage • menisc/us = crescent-shaped cartilage structure in knee joint • Prone to injury and tearing • Lateral • On outer portion of knee • Medical • On inner part of knee

  31. Cartilage • menisc/itis = inflammation of meniscus • menisc/ectomy = removal of meniscus

  32. Other Connective Tissues • Ligaments • Attach bone to bone • Fascia • Attach muscle to muscle

  33. Ligaments

  34. Bones, Muscles, and Connective Tissue

  35. Orthopedics • orth/o = straight • As in bone • Example: • orth/o/ped/ist = physician who specializes in prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders • Fracture • Break in bone

  36. Orthotics • orth/o/tics = science that studies and develops appliances used as supportive devices • orth/o/sis = devices used to stabilize or prevent deformity • E.g., splints, casts

  37. Prostheses • prosthe/sis = appliance that replaces body part • E.g., artificial leg • prosthet/ist = one who works with patients who need artificial limbs • prosthet/ic = pertaining to prosthesis

  38. Growth and Development Terms • -plasia = changes in number and form of cells • -trophy = changes in size of cells and organs • -genesis = original growth of cells and organs

  39. Terms with -plasia • -plasia = changes in number and form of cells • Examples: • a/plasia = lack of or decreased cell growth • ana/plasia = abnormal growth of undifferentiated cells • dys/plasia = production of abnormally formed cells or tissues

  40. Terms with -trophy • -trophy = changes in size of cells and organs • Examples: • a/trophy = decrease in size of tissue • Wasting • hyper/trophy = increase in size of cells, tissues, or organs • hypo/trophy = progressive degeneration • Same as atrophy

  41. Terms with -genesis • -genesis = original growth of cells and organs • Examples: • a/genesis = absence of original development • hyper/genesis = repeated creation of body parts or organs resulting in extras • hypo/genesis = congenital underdevelopment of organs

  42. Defective Development • plasia = development • dys- = defective • Examples: • dys/plasia = defective formation or development • a/plasia = failure of organ to develop • hyper/plasia = overgrowth or too much development • hypo/plasia = deficient development

  43. Defective Development Conditions • oste/o/dys/plasia = of bone • myel/o/dys/plasia = of spinal cord • arthr/o/dys/plasia = of joint

  44. Teeth • dent = word root • dent/o and dent/i = combining forms • dent/al = adjectival form • Example: • dent/ist = doctor who takes care of teeth • Doctor of dental surgery (DDS)

  45. Types of Teeth

  46. Dental Terms • dent/algia = tooth pain • dent/oid = resembling tooth • inter/dent/al = between teeth • orth/odont/ist = dentist who specializes in straightening abnormally positioned teeth • orth/o = straight • odont/o = shaped like tooth

  47. Prefix: peri- • peri- = around • Examples: • peri/odont/al = gums or tissues around teeth • peri/odont/ist = specialist in gums and tissues • Many perform surgery

  48. Prefix: peri- • Terms referring to membrane surrounding: • bone = peri/oste/um • cartilage = peri/chondr/ium • heart = peri/cardi/um

  49. Prefix: supra- • supra- = above • Examples: • supra/lumbar = above lumbar region • supra/costal = above ribs • supra/cranial = on top of head/skull • supra/pubic = region above arch of pubis

  50. Prefix: ab- • ab- = from or away from • Away from midline • Examples: • ab/normal = away from/not normal • ab/errant = structure that wanders from its normal path

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