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Infectious diseases of horse

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Infectious diseases of horse

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    1. Infectious diseases of horse

    4. Druhove specifické zvláštnosti pri používání antibiotik: Peniciliny podané per os mohou narušit bakteriální fermentaci v caeku a kolonu u dospelých zvírat vedoucí k vážným poruchám trávení. Tetracykliny mohou vyvolat težké enterokolitidy u koní vystavených stresu. S výjimkou perorálního podání erythromyciniumestolatu spolu s rifampicinem hríbatum pri rhodokokové pneumonii (Rhodococcus equi) je treba se vyvarovat použití makrolidu a linkosamidu. Také je treba se vyvarovat podávání fluorochinolonu - obecne u rychle rostoucích zvírat - zejména hríbatum.

    6. Bacterial infection in respiratory system The upper RS airsaculitis, acute sinusitis Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus strangles Streptococcus equi subsp.equi (vaccine) The lower RS bronchopneumonia - acute S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus bronchopneumonia - chronic S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus intermedius E.coli, Klebsiella spp. Enterobacter spp. Salmonella spp. Rhodococcus equi Actinobacillus equuli Pasteurella spp. Fusobacterium necroforum Bacteroides spp.

    7. Respiratory system - Viruses Equine Rhinopneumonia (EHV-1 and 4) Equine viral arteritis Equine Influenza Equine Rhinovirus Equine Adenovirus

    8. Equine Rhinopneumonia Etiologic agents- EHV-4, EHV-1 Virus Replication on mucosal surface of respiratory system, establishment of latency Rhinofaryngitis, tracheobronchitis, fever Disease of young horses(up to 2 years), older animals – mild clinical signs

    9. Equine Rhinopneumonia Incubation period 2-10 days Frequent secondary bacterial infection EHV-1 biphasic fever EHV-1 – fulminant pneumonia in transplacental infection (late pregnancy)

    10. Equine Adenoviruses Viruses with low virulence Ocurrence in the age of 3 – 6 months Mostly subclinical Horeses are periodically reinfected Bacterial superinfections

    11. Equine Adenoviruses Adenoviral pneumonia Immunosupression Failure of passive transfer of antibodies Polysystemic disease SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) in arabian horses

    12. Equine Influenza Acute febrile, highly contagious disease Incubation period 1-3 days Dyspnoe, cough, fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis

    13. THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM acute enteritis Salmonella spp Actinobacillus equuli Clostridium perfringens type A cpb2+ chronic enteritiS L.intracellularis acute peritonitis enterobacteria Bacteroides spp. Bacteroides fragilis Rhodococcus equi Actinobacillus equuli

    14. THE URINARY SYSTEM pyelonephritiS Escherichia coli cystitis, uretritis E.coli, P.mirabilis Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter Actinobacillus equuli Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    15. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM endometritiS E.coli, K.pneumoniae Pseudomonas spp. S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus orchitis, epidimitis, vesiculitis S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus abortions Salmonella spp., S.Abortus equi

    16. Urogenital system - Viruses EHV-1 EHV-3 Equine viral arteritis Equine infectious anemia

    17. Equine virus abortion Virus is ubiqituous in the horse population, animals became infected in the first year of age Latency in the ganglion trigeminale abortogennic strains (various level of endotheliotropism)

    18. Pathogenesis Epithelial cells Leukocytes Endothelial cells In respiratory tract, immune system Pregnant uterus

    19. Pathogenesis Primary replication - epithelial cells of respiratory tract Infection of endothelial cells of vessels in nasal region, viremia associated with monocytes and lymphocytes. Secondary replication in endothelial cells of the uterus, CNS, testes, endocrinne organs, infection of ganglion trigeminale

    21. Equine Viral Arteritis Virus is ubiqitous American isolates are more virulent Incubation period 3 – 14 days Subclinical course Clinical signs: fever, leukopenia, oedema of scrotum and abdomen, conjunctivitis, nasal and ocular discharge, abortion (10 – 60%)

    22. Pathogenesis Initial infection of bronchial macrophages Following 48 h. regional lymph-nodes, 3. day viremia   Secondary replication in the walls of medium and small vessels    Longlasting immunity follows natural infection(up to 3 years). Protection mediate by colostral antibodies last for 2 – 6 months, but interferes with vaccination.

    23. Pathogenesis Respiratory route – primary and most frequent way of infection, virus is shed for 7 – 14 dní Infected semen - virus id transmitted from persistently infected stallion to the mare. In stallions virus can persist in accessory glands for the life . Perzistence is testosteron dependent!

    24. EHV-1 × EVA EHV-1 Virus reactivation preceedes abortion for months Pulmonary eodema, transudate in the thoracic cavity, petechias in myocardum of the foetus EVA Abortion follows the disease of mare Foetus is partially autolysed Without specific changes

    25. Equine exanthema coitale Occurs in mares and stallions (vesicular and pustular changes, ulcerations) Virus replicationon the mucosa of genital tract Infection is „self-limiting“ because of the termosensitivity of the virus Ulceration are often contaminated by bacterias

    26. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM meningo-encefalitis(secondary infection) S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus enterobacteria Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

    27. CNS infection - Viruses EHV-1 Myeloencefalopathy Rabies Bornas disease

    28. EHV-1 Myeloencephalopathy Virus strains displaying endotheliotropism Ischemic changes due to infection of vascular endothelium (vasculitis, thrombosis, petechias in the CNS) Dysuria, cystitis (dysfunction of motor. neurons) Infection of mare in 2/3 pregnancy Higher incidence during winter and spring Paresis, ataxia of pelvic limbs

    29. THE EYE bacterial conjunctivitis S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus intermedius Moraxella equi Listeria monocytogenes Acinetobacter spp. Corynebacterium spp. Bacillus spp.

    30. SEPTICEMIA E.coli Salmonella spp. Actinobacillus equuli S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus intermedius CNS.

    31. Equine infectious anemia Disease of odd-toed animals Acute febrile disease with frequent exacerbations (2-3 týdny) Virus is replicating in monocytes and macrophages Virus transmission blood sucking insect needles (vaccination)

    32. Pathogenesis Antigenic variations – cause of frequent exacerbations Immunocomplexes of free virus with antibodies - glomerulonephritis, Virus is sensitizing erythrocytes and thrombocytes to the action of complement– anemia, petechias, icterus, hearth failure, oedemas Splenomegalia

    33. THE SKIN folikulitis a furunculosis Staphylococcus intermedius lymphangitis S.equi subsp. equi Mycotic infection Microsporum canis Trichophyton equinum(vaccines)

    34. Equine Papillomaviruses

    35. Equine Papillomaviruses Typical cytopathology on the skin Histological changes in the stratum granulosum (inclusions) Virus id shed by contact and desquamation Decontamination of the environment is impossible

    36. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Septic artritis E.coli Salmonella spp. Actinobacillus equuli Pseudomonas aeruginosa S.equi sp.zooepidemicus Rhodococcus equi Staphylococcus intermedius

    37. WOUNDS Traumatic Clostridium perfringens type A S.equi sp.zooepidemicus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Surgical wounds enterobacteria Actinobacillus equuli Pseudomonas aeruginosa S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus aureus S.intermedius

    38. Nosocomial infection in veterinary hospital multirezistant strains Actinobacillus equuli Staphylococcus inetrmedius S. aureus (MRSA) S. equi supsp. zooepidemicus

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