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Infectious diseases of horse

Infectious diseases of horse. Druhově specifické zvláštnosti při používání antibiotik:. Peniciliny podané per os mohou narušit bakteriální fermentaci v caeku a kolonu u dospělých zvířat vedoucí k vážným poruchám trávení.

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Infectious diseases of horse

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  1. Infectiousdiseasesofhorse

  2. Druhově specifické zvláštnosti při používání antibiotik: • Peniciliny podané per os mohou narušit bakteriální fermentaci v caeku a kolonu u dospělých zvířat vedoucí k vážným poruchám trávení. • Tetracykliny mohou vyvolat těžké enterokolitidy u koní vystavených stresu. • S výjimkou perorálního podání erythromyciniumestolatu spolu s rifampicinem hříbatům při rhodokokové pneumonii (Rhodococcus equi) je třeba se vyvarovat použití makrolidů a linkosamidů. • Také je třeba se vyvarovat podávání fluorochinolonů - obecně u rychle rostoucích zvířat - zejména hříbatům.

  3. The upper RS airsaculitis, acute sinusitis Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus strangles Streptococcus equi subsp.equi (vaccine) The lower RS bronchopneumonia - acute S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus bronchopneumonia - chronic S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus intermedius E.coli, Klebsiella spp. Enterobacter spp. Salmonella spp. Rhodococcus equi Actinobacillus equuli Pasteurella spp. Fusobacterium necroforum Bacteroides spp. Bacterial infection in respiratory system

  4. Respiratorysystem - Viruses • EquineRhinopneumonia (EHV-1 and 4) • Equineviral arteritis • Equine Influenza • EquineRhinovirus • Equine Adenovirus

  5. EquineRhinopneumonia • Etiologicagents- EHV-4, EHV-1 • Virus Replication on mucosalsurfaceofrespiratorysystem, establishment oflatency • Rhinofaryngitis, tracheobronchitis, fever • Diseaseofyounghorses(up to 2 years), olderanimals – mildclinicalsigns

  6. RPK EquineRhinopneumonia • Incubation period 2-10 days • Frequentsecondarybacterialinfection • EHV-1 biphasicfever • EHV-1 – fulminantpneumonia in transplacentalinfection (latepregnancy)

  7. EquineAdenoviruses • Viruseswithlow virulence • Ocurrence in theageof 3 – 6 months • Mostlysubclinical • Horeses are periodicallyreinfected • Bacterialsuperinfections

  8. EquineAdenoviruses • Adenoviralpneumonia • Immunosupression • Failureofpassive transfer ofantibodies • Polysystemicdisease • SCID (severe combinedimmunodeficiency) in arabianhorses

  9. FLU Equine Influenza • Acutefebrile, highlycontagiousdisease • Incubation period 1-3 days • Dyspnoe, cough, fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis

  10. THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM • acute enteritis • Salmonella spp • Actinobacillus equuli • Clostridium perfringens type A cpb2+ • chronic enteritiS • L.intracellularis • acute peritonitis • enterobacteria • Bacteroides spp. • Bacteroides fragilis • Rhodococcus equi • Actinobacillus equuli

  11. THE URINARY SYSTEM • pyelonephritiS • Escherichia coli • cystitis, uretritis • E.coli, P.mirabilis • Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter • Actinobacillus equuli • Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus • Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  12. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • endometritiS • E.coli, K.pneumoniae • Pseudomonas spp. • S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus • orchitis, epidimitis, vesiculitis • S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus • abortions • Salmonella spp., S.Abortus equi

  13. Urogenitalsystem - Viruses • EHV-1 • EHV-3 • Equineviral arteritis • Equineinfectiousanemia

  14. EHV-1 Equine virus abortion • Virus isubiqituous in thehorsepopulation, animalsbecameinfected in thefirstyearofage • Latency in the ganglion trigeminale • abortogennicstrains (variouslevelofendotheliotropism)

  15. EHV-1 Pathogenesis • Epithelialcells • Leukocytes • Endothelialcells • In respiratorytract, • immunesystem • Pregnant uterus

  16. EHV-1 Pathogenesis • Primaryreplication - epithelialcellsofrespiratorytract • Infectionofendothelialcellsofvessels in nasal region, viremiaassociatedwithmonocytesandlymphocytes. • Secondaryreplication in endothelialcellsofthe uterus, CNS, testes, endocrinneorgans, infectionof ganglion trigeminale

  17. Establishment of latency Viremia (Lymphocytes) Latency (lymphocytes, gangl. trigem.) Reactivation Infection of the uterus ... EHV-1

  18. E V A EquineViral Arteritis • Virus isubiqitous • Americanisolates are more virulent • Incubation period 3 – 14 days • Subclinicalcourse • Clinicalsigns: fever, leukopenia, oedemaofscrotumand abdomen, conjunctivitis, nasalandoculardischarge, abortion(10 – 60%)

  19. E V A Pathogenesis Initialinfectionofbronchialmacrophages Following 48 h. regionallymph-nodes, 3. dayviremia Secondaryreplication in thewallsof medium andsmallvessels Longlastingimmunityfollowsnaturalinfection(up to 3 years). Protectionmediate by colostralantibodies last for 2 – 6 months, butinterfereswithvaccination.

  20. E V A Pathogenesis • Respiratoryroute– primaryand most frequentwayofinfection, virus isshedfor 7 – 14 dní • Infected semen - virus id transmittedfrompersistentlyinfectedstallion to the mare. • In stallions virus canpersist in accessoryglandsforthelife . Perzistence is testosteron dependent!

  21. EHV-1 × EVA • EHV-1 • Virus reactivationpreceedesabortionformonths • Pulmonaryeodema, transudate in thethoraciccavity, petechias in myocardumofthefoetus • EVA • Abortionfollowsthediseaseof mare • Foetusispartiallyautolysed • Withoutspecificchanges

  22. Equineexanthemacoitale EHV-3 • Occurs in maresandstallions (vesicularandpustularchanges, ulcerations) • Virus replicationonthemucosaofgenitaltract • Infectionis „self-limiting“ becauseofthetermosensitivityofthe virus • Ulceration are oftencontaminated by bacterias

  23. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • meningo-encefalitis(secondary infection) • S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus • enterobacteria • Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

  24. CNS infection - Viruses • EHV-1 Myeloencefalopathy • Rabies • Bornasdisease

  25. EHV-1 Myeloencephalopathy • Virus strainsdisplayingendotheliotropism • Ischemicchangesdue to infectionofvascularendothelium (vasculitis, thrombosis, petechias in the CNS) • Dysuria, cystitis (dysfunctionof motor. neurons) • Infectionof mare in 2/3 pregnancy • Higher incidence duringwinterandspring • Paresis, ataxiaofpelviclimbs

  26. THE EYE • bacterial conjunctivitis • S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Staphylococcus intermedius • Moraxella equi • Listeria monocytogenes • Acinetobacter spp. • Corynebacterium spp. • Bacillus spp.

  27. SEPTICEMIA • E.coli • Salmonella spp. • Actinobacillus equuli • S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus • Staphylococcus intermedius • CNS.

  28. E I A Equineinfectiousanemia • Diseaseofodd-toedanimals • Acutefebrilediseasewithfrequentexacerbations (2-3 týdny) • Virus isreplicating in monocytesandmacrophages • Virus transmission • bloodsuckinginsect • needles (vaccination)

  29. E I A Pathogenesis • Antigenicvariations – cause offrequentexacerbations • Immunocomplexesof free virus withantibodies - glomerulonephritis, • Virus issensitizingerythrocytesandthrombocytes to theactionofcomplement– anemia, petechias, icterus, hearthfailure, oedemas • Splenomegalia

  30. THE SKIN • folikulitis a furunculosis • Staphylococcus intermedius • lymphangitis • S.equi subsp. equi • Mycotic infection • Microsporum canis • Trichophyton equinum(vaccines)

  31. EquinePapillomaviruses

  32. EquinePapillomaviruses • Typicalcytopathology on the skin • Histologicalchanges in thestratumgranulosum (inclusions) • Virus id shed by contactanddesquamation • Decontaminationoftheenvironmentisimpossible

  33. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM • Septic artritis • E.coli • Salmonella spp. • Actinobacillus equuli • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • S.equi sp.zooepidemicus • Rhodococcus equi • Staphylococcus intermedius

  34. Traumatic Clostridium perfringens type A S.equi sp.zooepidemicus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Surgical wounds enterobacteria Actinobacillus equuli Pseudomonas aeruginosa S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus aureus S.intermedius WOUNDS

  35. Nosocomial infection in veterinary hospital • multirezistant strains • Actinobacillus equuli • Staphylococcus inetrmedius • S. aureus (MRSA) S. equi supsp. zooepidemicus

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