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Head movement 2 Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16

Head movement 2 Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16. Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University. Course management. http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost ’ s Undergraduate Activities Fund. Review.

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Head movement 2 Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16

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  1. Head movement 2Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

  2. Course management • http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ • We need to spend our $150 from the Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  3. Review ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  4. T-TO-C MOVEMENT AS ADJUNCTION OF T TO TENSE IN C CP TP C [TNS] ø PRN you T’ CP VP T will TP C T will C [TNS] ø V marry PRN me PRN you T’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane VP T will V marry PRN me

  5. A SIMPLIFICATION OF THE ADJUNCTION TO SHOW ITS MORPHOLOGICAL RESULT CP CP TP TP C C will+ø T will C [TNS] ø PRN you PRN you T’ T’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane VP VP T will T will V marry V marry PRN me PRN me

  6. V-TO-T MOVEMENT IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH CP Tense must be strong in Elizabethan English and weak in modern English TP C ø PRN I T’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane VP T Af1sgPr care+ ADV not VP V care PP P for PRN her

  7. HEAD MOVEMENT ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Radford §4.5

  8. MORE ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH • 28a) Saw you my master? • V-to-T then T-to-C movement (V-to-T-to-C mvt) CP TP C ø saw+Af2sPa+ PRN you T’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane T Af2sPa VP saw+ ------------ V saw DP my master ------

  9. LONG-DISTANCE HEAD MOVEMENT CP CP TP C saw+Af2sPa+ø TP C saw+Af2sPa+ø PRN you T’ PRN you T’ T ø VP ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane T saw+Af2sPa VP V saw DP my master V saw DP my master What is wrong with this? Well, saw picks up the affix without passing through the node that hosts it.

  10. LIMITATIONS ON HEAD MOVEMENT • But Radford ignores this easy answer because he doesn’t draw the tree and instead offers the head-movement constraint (HMC): • 31) Head movement is only possible between a head and the head of its complement. • The head-strength parameter • The strength of a head can vary among languages. • One of the things that children learn when they acquire a language is the settings for parameters. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  11. AUXILIARY RAISING ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Radford §4.6

  12. Two positions for be and auxiliary havewrtnot • 32a) She may not be suitable. • 32b) She is not suitable. • 34a) She may not be enjoying syntax. • 34b) She is not enjoying syntax. • 36a) He may not have done it. • 36b) He has not done it. • He may not have the time. • BritEng: He has not the time. • AmEng: He does not have the time. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  13. AUX-TO-T MOVEMENT OF BE & HAVE CP TP C ø PRN she T’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane AuxP T Af3sPres Af3sPres is+ have+ ADV not AuxP Aux is have VP ----- ------- V enjoying enjoyed QP ø syntax

  14. EVIDENCE FOR AUX POSITION • Scope of modal verbs • 38a’) You must not call the police. • = It is necessary that you not call the police. • You must not call the police, or we will all go to jail. • The modal verb has scope over (c-commands) not. • 38b’) You need not call the police. • = It is not necessary that you call the police. • # You need not call the police, or we will all go to jail. • Not has scope over the modal verb, but does not c-command it. • If need starts out in a lower position, its copy is c-commanded by not: see next slide. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  15. NOT C-COMMANDS NEED IN AUX CP TP C ø PRN you T’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane AuxP T Af2sPres need+ ADV not AuxP Aux need VP ----- V call DetP the police

  16. NEED AS NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEM • Auxiliary need is a negative polarity item • 2.47a) I don’t think that he need apologize. • 2.47b) *He need apologize. • Even when not is contracted to it: • He needn’t apologize. • Need should not c-command n’t, but if need comes from AuxP, its copy is c-commanded by not: see previous slide. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  17. DOUBLE MODALS • Some Southern US English • She must can go. • She might could do it. • She might not could do it. • Scots English • 40) He must no can do it. CP TP C ø PRN he T’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane AuxP T must ADV no AuxP Aux can VP V do PRN it

  18. AND FINALLY … MODAL + AUX CP TP C ø PRN he T’ ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane AuxP T must ADV not AuxP Aux have VP V done PRN it

  19. LIGHT VERBS • Interim conclusion: only be, have & need can raise to T. • Why these verbs and not some others? • They have little real-world or lexical information of their own and serve mainly to mark grammatical information like tense, aspect, and modality. • Thus they are ‘light’ on lexical information. • The affix in T is only strong enough to attract such light verbs; it hops down to all other verbs. ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

  20. NEXT TIME ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Q5 Finish §4

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