Progressive Movement

1. Progressive Movement

2. The Progressive Movement • Introduction • Background • Three Wings • Journalists • Leaders and Accomplishment • State and Local • President • Others • Amendments • Conclusion

3. Bellwork • Commager argued that there were six fundamental problems facing America as it moved into the 20th century. What are they and give a historical example for each one.

4. Commager’s Six • Business Ethics • Control of Monopolies and Trusts over resources and labor • Unequal distribution of wealth • Urbanization • Corruption in government • Inequality and denial of rights to African Am.

5. Three Wings • Social Justice • Improve living/working condition • Democracy • Eliminate corruption in politics and promote involvement of more people in the political process • Business Reform • Concerned that growth of Big Business was hurting American people and Consumers

6. The Progressive Movement • A reform movement designed to solve problems in U.S. society

7. Muckrakers • Investigative reporters who exposed facts (not sensationalists like Yellow Journalists)

8. Muckrakers • Jacob A. Riis • How the Other Half Lives • Exposed: Poverty in NY Slums Tenements were mostly found in New York and were generally four to six stories tall with a store frequently on the first floor. Tenements consisted of a stairwell in the center of the building, a living room that was ten feet by twelve feet, one or two dark closets used as bedrooms and usually four families living on a floor, but that was not always the case. There have been reports of 180 people in two tenements, way over the maximum limit.

9. Muckrakers • Lincoln Steffens • “The Shame of Cities” - McClure • Exposed: Corruption in business and politics Because, I heard, the American people won’t “stand for” it. You may blame the politicians, or, indeed, any one class, but not all classes, not the people. Or you may put it on the ignorant foreign immigrant, or any one nationality, but not on all nationalities, not on the American people. But no one class is at fault, nor any one breed, nor any particular interest or group of interests. The misgovernment of the American people is misgovernment by the American people…. … Because politics is business. That’s what’s the matter with it. That’s what’s the matter with everything….

10. Muckrakers • Ida M. Tarbell • The History of the Standard Oil Company • Exposed: corruptions within corporations Rockefeller and his associates did not build the Standard Oil Co. in the board rooms of Wall Street banks. They fought their way to control by rebate and drawback, bribe and blackmail, espionage and price cutting, by ruthless ... efficiency of organization.

11. Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair • The Jungle • Exposed: sanitation within meat packing industry “(A) man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, and they would die, and the rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.”

12. Muckrakers • David G. Phillips • The Treason of the Senate • Exposed: 75 of the 90 senators accepted bribes from R.R. and trusts “Treason is a strong word, but not too strong to characterize the situation in which the Senate is the eager, resourceful, and indefatigable agent of interests as hostile to the American people as any invading army could be.”

13. Muckrakers • Ray Stannard • Following the Color Line • Exposed: Jim Crow Laws and southern inequality The discrimination is not made openly, but a Negro who goes to such places is informed that there are no accommodations, or he is overlooked and otherwise slighted, so that he does not come again.

14. Muckrakers • John Spargo • The Bitter Cry of the Children • Exposed: Child Labor The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners' consumption.

15. The Progressive Movement • Introduction • Background • Three Wings • Journalists • Leaders and Accomplishment • State and Local • President • Others • Amendments • Conclusion

16. Social Reformers – City and State • Settlement Houses • Provides Daycare, education and healthcare for the poor

17. Settlement Houses • Jane Addams (1860-1935) • Established Hull House • Chicago • Shelter for poor and homeless • Day care for working women • Educate people (immigrants) • Pioneer social worker

18. Social Reformers – City and State • Settlement Houses • Provides Daycare, education and healthcare for the poor • Women’s Rights • Birth Control

19. Women’s Rights • Margaret Sanger • 1916 – Opened Birth control clinic in NY – Arrested • 1922 – Founded American Birth Control League (ABCL) – Planned Parenthood

20. Democracy Reformers – City and State • New Voting rights

21. New Voting rights • Direct Primary – People select party candidates • Initiative – voters propose legislation • Referendum –approve legislation through ballot vote • Recall – remove officials from office

22. Democracy Reformers – City and State • New Voting rights • Wisconsin

23. Progressive Reformers - Wisconsin • Bob LaFollette (1855-1925) • Wisconsin Idea • Conservation of natural resources • Direct election of U.S. Senators • Income taxes on corporations and personal incomes

24. Business Reformers – City and State • State governments regulate business

25. State governments regulate business • 30 states outlawed child labor • 25 states passed laws making employers liable for deaths or injuries to workers while on the job

26. Check Up! • Business Ethics • Control of Monopolies and Trusts over resources and labor • Unequal distribution of wealth • Urbanization • Corruption in government • Inequality and denial of rights to African Am. • Prompt: Identify with evidence which of Commager’s six problems that were addressed at the State/Local level.

27. Women of the Progressive Era • http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/progressiveera/introprogressive.html

28. The Progressive Movement • Introduction • Background • Three Wings • Journalists • Leaders and Accomplishment • State and Local • President • Others • Amendments • Conclusion

29. Bellwork • Each of the following is a quote from Theodore Roosevelt. What does the each quote tell you about his character and values? • “A man who has never gone to school may steal from a freight car; but if he has a university education, he may steal the whole railroad.” • “We don’t wish to destroy corporations, but we wish to make them…serve the public good.” • “The destruction of a species (is equal to the loss of) all the works of some great writer.” • “No people is wholly civilized where a distinction is drawn between stealing an office and stealing a purse.”

31. Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt • Background • Wealthy New York family • Spend summers in Wyoming for his health • Lived as a cowboy following his wife death

35. Progressive Presidents • Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt • Fought in Spanish-American War • VP for McKinley; TR took over after his assassination • Served as Pres from 1901-1909

36. United Mine Workers (1902) • Mine workers waged a strike over wages/hours and recognition of union • Mine owners refused to meet with union leaders • Roosevelt invited both parties to WH to mediate dispute • Strikers didn’t achieve all their goals, but Roosevelt defended labor’s right to organize

37. Roosevelt’s Progressivism • Square Deal • Regulation of corporation • Consumer Protections • Conservation of Natural Recourses

38. Roosevelt’s Progressivism - Regulation of Corporations • Department of Commerce (1903) – manage commerce in the nation • Elkins Act (1903) and Hepburn Act (1906) – Regulate R.R. fares • Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) – Gave government the power to break up trust • Northern Securities Company (1902) • Filed 44 Anti Trust Law Suits

39. Northern Securities Case (1904) • Northern Securities Company - monopoly over railroads in NW • Supreme Court ordered the company be dissolved • Roosevelt =“Trust-Buster”

41. Roosevelt’s Progressivism – Consumer Protection • Meat Inspection Act (1906) • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

42. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • Required labeling of ingredients • Sanitary requirement for meat Funding • for inspectors

43. Roosevelt’s Progressivism – Conservation • National Reclamation Act (1902) • Also known as Newlands Act • 216 Million Acres Nat. Forest • 5 National Parks

44. Check Up! • Business Ethics • Control of Monopolies and Trusts over resources and labor • Unequal distribution of wealth • Urbanization • Corruption in government • Inequality and denial of rights to African Am. • Prompt: Identify with evidence which of Commager’s six problems that were addressed by Roosevelt and congress during his administration.

45. So remember…

46. The Progressive Movement • Introduction • Background • Three Wings • Journalists • Leaders and Accomplishment • State and Local • President • Others • Amendments • Conclusion

47. Bellwork • Which political party best represent the progressive ideal in the early 1900s?

48. William H. Taft (1909-1913) • Hand-Picked successor to Roosevelt • Filed 90 anti-trust suits • Broke of Standard Oil Company (1911)

49. Election of 1912

50. Election of 1912