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Chapter Seven

Chapter Seven. Network Protocols. Objectives. Understand networking in Windows XP Understand Windows XP’s networking protocols Configure and use TCP/IP protocols and services Access NetWare servers and services from Windows XP Understand Windows XP Remote Tools. Windows XP Overview.

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Chapter Seven

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  1. Chapter Seven Network Protocols

  2. Objectives • Understand networking in Windows XP • Understand Windows XP’s networking protocols • Configure and use TCP/IP protocols and services • Access NetWare servers and services from Windows XP • Understand Windows XP Remote Tools

  3. Windows XP Overview • Windows XP • The most versatile Windows operating system from Microsoft to date • Capable of establishing a network connection through a myriad devices and technologies • Designed specifically to offer easy-to-use networking capabilities for both inexperienced home users and enterprise-level networked organizations

  4. Windows XP Components • Windows XP is designed for networking • It has all the elements necessary for interacting with a network without requiring any additional software • Numerous components work together to define its networking capabilities • Each component provides one or more individual network functions and defines an interface through which data moves on its way to and from other system components

  5. Network Protocols • Windows XP supports two network transport protocols: • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • NWLink • Both of these protocols can be used on any network of any size

  6. TCP/IP • TCP/IP has become the platform for a staggering variety of network services, including: • Newsgroups (NNTP) • Electronic mail (SNMP and MIME) • File transfer protocol (FTP and ANS) • Remote printing (lpr, lpd, lpq utilities) • Remote boot (bootp and DHCP) • World Wide Web (HTTP—Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

  7. TCP/IP • Network Basic Input/Output System • Client/server interprocess communication service developed by IBM in 1985 • NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP) • Network protocol in TCP/IP stack that provides NetBIOS naming services

  8. TCP/IP Advantages • Supports networking services better than other Windows XP protocols through its multiple components • Supports multiple routing protocols that in turn support large, complex networks • Incorporates better error detection and handling • Works with more kinds of computers than any other protocol suite

  9. TCP/IP Advantages Figure 7-1: TCP/IP protocol stack

  10. TCP/IP Advantages • Connectionless • Class of network transport protocols that makes only a “best effort” at delivery • Includes no explicit mechanisms to guarantee delivery or data integrity • Connection-oriented • Class of network transport protocols that include guaranteed delivery, explicit acknowledgement of data receipt, and a variety of other data integrity checks

  11. TCP/IP Drawbacks • Neither extremely fast nor terribly easy to use • Configuring and managing a TCP/IP-based network requires: • A fair degree of expertise • Careful planning • Constant maintenance and attention

  12. NWLink (IPX/SPX) • NWLink is Microsoft’s implementation of Novell’s IPX/SPX protocol stack • Rather than supporting the native Novell Open Datalink Interface (ODI), NWLink works with the NDIS (Network Device Interface Specification) driver technology that’s native to Windows XP • NWLink is sufficiently complete to support the most important IPX/SPX APIs

  13. NWLink Advantages • NWLink offers some powerful capabilities, including: • SPX II • Auto detection of frame types • Direct hosting over IPX

  14. NWLink Drawbacks • On large networks, IPX may not scale well • IPX lacks a built-in facility for centralized name and address management like the service that DNS provides for TCP/IP • IPX imposes a greater memory footprint on DOS machines and runs less efficiently across slow serial connections

  15. NetBEUI and DLC • Both NetBEUI and DLC have been greatly de-emphasized in Windows XP • NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) • Simple transport program developed to support NetBIOS installations • Data Link Control (DLC) • Network transport protocol that allows connectivity to mainframes, printers, and servers running Remote Program Load software

  16. Interprocess Communication • Mechanism that defines a way for internal Windows processes to exchange information Figure 7-2: Interprocess communications between client and server

  17. IPC File System Mechanisms • Names pipes • Provides support for a connection-oriented message passing service for clients and servers • Mailslots • Connectionless version of named pipes

  18. IPC Programming Interfaces • NetBIOS • Widely used, but simple PC client/server mechanism • Because it is so easy to program, it has remained quite popular ever since IBM published its definition in 1985 • NetBIOS services are required to permit older Windows networks to operate, or to permit older clients and servers to operate on a Microsoft Windows network

  19. IPC Programming Interfaces • Windows Sockets (WinSock) • Define a standardized and broadly deployed interface to network transports such as TCP/IP and IPX • Remote Procedure Call (RPC) • Implements IPC tools that can invoke separate programs on remote computers, supply them with input, and collect whatever results they produce

  20. IPC Programming Interfaces • Network Dynamic Data Exchange (NetDDE) • Creates ongoing data streams called exchange pipes between two applications across a network • This process works just like Microsoft’s local DDE • Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) • Protocol that facilitates the communication of application components over a network by providing a reliable, secure, and efficient mechanism for exchanging information

  21. IPC Programming Interfaces • Windows Network Interface (Wnet) • This interface allows applications to take advantage of Windows XP networking capabilities through a standardized API • Win32 Internet API (WinInet) • Mechanism that enables applications to take advantage of Internet functionality without requiring extensive proprietary programming

  22. Redirectors • Examines all requests for system resources and decides whether such requests are: • Local • Remote • Handles transmissions of remote requests across networks so that the requests are filled

  23. Redirectors • Workstation service • Supports client access to network resources and handles functions such as logging in, connecting to network shares and creating links using Windows XP’s IPC options • Has two elements: • The User mode interface • The redirector

  24. Redirectors • Server service • Handles the creation and management of shared resources and performs security checks against requests for such resources • Divided into two elements: • SERVER.EXE • SRV.SYS

  25. Redirectors • Multiple Universal Naming Convention Provider (MUP) • The boundary layer that defines a link between applications that make UNC requests for different redirectors • Client Service for NetWare (CSNW) • Service included with Windows XP Professional that provides easy connection to NetWare servers

  26. Redirectors • Universal Naming Convention (UNC) • UNC names represent the format used in NetBIOS-oriented name resolution systems • Multi-Provider Router (MPR) • File system service that can designate the proper redirector to handle a resource request that does not use UNC naming

  27. Networking Under Windows XP • The Windows XP networking system is controlled by a single multifaceted interface called Networks Connections Figure 7-3: The Network Connections utility

  28. Networking Under Windows XP Figure 7-4: A Local Area Connection Properties dialog box, General tab

  29. Networking Under Windows XP Figure 7-5: The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Internet Properties dialog box

  30. Network Bridge • Creates a virtual bridging router between two or more network interfaces, effectively connecting multiple network segments • Able to connect network segments even if they use different protocols and different topologies • Microsoft has included the network bridging capability in Windows XP to help encourage the creation of networks both in small offices and at home

  31. Networking Wizard • Previously known as the Home Networking Wizard • Used to configure: • Non-domain networks for small offices • Home use of Windows XP

  32. Managing Bindings • Bindings • Refers to the order in which Windows XP networking components are linked Figure 7-6: The Advanced Settings dialog box, Adapters and Bindings tab

  33. TCP/IP Architecture • TCP/IP • Supports easy cross-platform communications • Provides the technical foundations for the worldwide Internet • TCP/IP is actually a suite of protocols

  34. Internet Protocol (IP) • Provides source and destination addressing and routing in the TCP/IP suite Table 7-1: Classes of IP addresses

  35. Internet Protocol (IP) • Subnet • Portion of a network that might or might not be physically separate network • Subnet mask • Number used to define which part of a computer’s IP address denotes the host and which part denotes the network

  36. Internet Protocol (IP) • Internet Control Message Protocol • Used to send control messages between IP hosts • Address Resolution Protocol • Used to associate a logical (IP) addresses to a physical (MAC) address • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol • Used to automatically configure computers

  37. Transmission Control Protocol • The primary Internet transport protocol • Accepts messages of any length and provides transportation to a TACP peer on a remote network host • Connection-oriented, so it provides more reliable delivery than connectionless-oriented IP

  38. Transmission Control Protocol • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Connectionless protocol • Generally faster, although less reliable, than TCP • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Provides file transfer services, as well as directory and file manipulation services

  39. Transmission Control Protocol • Telnet • Remote terminal emulation protocol that is primarily used to provide connectivity between dissimilar systems • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol • Used to provide IP-based messaging services • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • TCP/IP protocol used for network management

  40. Transmission Control Protocol • The Berkeley R Utilities • Includes such commands as: • Rsh (remote shell) • Rexec (remote execution) • PING • Command-line utility that uses the ICMP protocol to inquire if a designated host is reachable on the network

  41. Transmission Control Protocol • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) • Lightweight analog of FTP that uses UDP as its transport protocol rather than TCP • The HOSTS file • Static file placed on members of a network to provide a resolution mechanism between host names and IP addresses

  42. Transmission Control Protocol • Domain Name Service (DNS) • Handles the job of translating a symbolic name into a corresponding numeric IP address • The LMHOSTS file • Static file placed on members of a network to provide a resolution mechanism between NetBIOS names and IP addresses

  43. Transmission Control Protocol • Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) • Not a true native TCP/IP service; it is an extension added by Microsoft • IPCONFIG • Used to manage and view information related to DHCP and DNS

  44. Other TCP/IP Command Line Tools • There are a wide range of TCP/IP command line tools used for network connectivity analysis and troubleshooting • NETSTAT • Displays a list of active TCP connections • NBSTAT • Displays protocol statistics for NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT), NetBIOS name tables, and the NetBIOS name cache

  45. TCP/IP Configuration • TCP/IP configuration is performed through the Network Connections interface • TCP/IP configuration takes place in the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box • There are two ways to assign an IP address to a computer: • Manually • Through DHCP

  46. TCP/IP Configuration Figure 7-7: The Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box, IP Settings tab

  47. TCP/IP Configuration Figure 7-8: The Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box, IP DNS tab

  48. TCP/IP Configuration Figure 7-9: The Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box, WINS tab

  49. IPv6: Looking to the Future • Microsoft has included preliminary support for IPv6 in Windows XP • IPv6 aims to correct the address shortage and improve other aspects of TCP/IP, including security and efficiency • Once IPv6 has been finalized, Microsoft will most likely include an IPv6 upgrade in a service pack or other downloadable installation module

  50. Windows XP Remote Tools • Remote Assistance • Designed to simplify the task of training users or walking users through tasks • Remote Desktop • Similar to a single client Terminal Services for clients • Developed so workers can access their work desktops

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