Historical Perspectives of Research Animal Protection

1. Historical Perspectives of Research Animal Protection Dr. Susan Wilson-Sanders

3. Participants in the Process • Laboratory Animal Scientists • Animal Care Panel • AALAS • AAALAC • ILAR • Public • Animal-centric organizations • Health care consumers • Research community • Government • Congress • USDA • HHS: PHS (NIH, FDA)

4. Laboratory Animal Scientists: Five “Founding Fathers” • Dr. Robert J. Schroeder • Dr. Nathan R. Brewer • Dr. Elihu Bond • Dr. Robert J. Flynn • Dr. Bennet J. Cohen

5. Timeline Continued • 1967 Name of the ACP changes to the American Association for laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)

6. The Public: Changing Attitudes

7. Animal-centric organizations

8. Public’s Involvement • 1962 Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson • 1966 LIFE magazine and Sports Ill articles • 1969 Greenpeace founded • 1975 Animal Liberation, by Peter Singer • 1982 The “Silver Spring Monkeys” • 1983 University of Pennsylvania head injury studies

9. Sports Illustrated Article

10. Life Magazine

11. Life Magazine

12. RESEARCH INVOLVEMENT ACADEMIC FREEDOM

13. Government Involvement • 1962 NIH Contract –First Guide • 1966 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (1970, 1976, 1985, 1990) • 1971 NIH Policy • 1973 Public Health Service Policy (1979) • 1985 PHS Act (Health Research Extension)

14. Housing Feeding Watering Sanitation Shelter Separation of Species Ventilation Adequate Vet Care 1966 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act • Preventing theft of dogs and cats • Registration limited facilities with dogs/cats • Holding areas only • Only records of acquisition required • Developed 8 areas of minimum standards

15. 1970 Animal Welfare Act • LAWA changed to AWA • Extension into the laboratory • Report number of animals by pain categories • Require appropriate use of anesthetics • Included standards for animal transport • Include all warm blooded except those excluded by the Sec of Ag

16. T R A N S P O R T

17. 1985 Animal Welfare Act Amendments • Establishment of IACUC • Assign responsibility to Institutional Official • Review of protocols • Semiannual program review & inspection • Search for alternatives to painful procedures • Personnel qualifications • Environmental enrichment for NHPs • Exercise for dogs

18. Animal Welfare Act • Applies to any live or dead warm-blooded animal which is being used, or is intended for used for research, teaching, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or as a pet.

19. Definition of Animals • Includes: • Wilds mammals used in field research and laboratory research • Farm mammals used in biomedical research

20. Act Applies To: • Horseshows (particularly Gaited, prevention of “soreing”. • Dog/cat breeders with more than three breeding bitches or queens.

21. Definition Excludes • Production farm animals • Laboratory rats and mice • Birds, bred for or used in research (new in 2004)

22. Animal Welfare Act • The Act is administered by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. At least once a year, unannounced inspections of all registered facilities are conducted by USDA veterinarians. These inspectors have the authority to review all housing areas, laboratories and offices where animals or records pertaining to animals are kept.

23. Animal Welfare Act • Fines and penalties are levied for violating the act

24. AWA • Establishes the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) as the internal regulatory authority for each Research Facility

25. 1971 NIH Policy • Institution had to have Assurance • AAALAC • Local Committee • Annual Inspections • Compliance with AWA • Follow Guide

26. 1985 PHS Policy • Health Research Extension Act • More detailed Assurance • IO ultimately responsible • CEO appoints IACUC members • Minimum of 5 IACUC members: • DVM program authority • Once practicing scientist • One community member • Protocol Review • Semiannual reports of program review • Detailed training program description

27. Public Health Service Policy • The Public Health Service Policy on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals is a Congressionally mandated Act in the same way the AWA is, but applies only tovertebrate animals used in PHS funded research. Such research includes that performed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI) and other branches of the PHS.

28. PHS Policy • Under the PHS Policy farm animals, birds, laboratory rodents, fish, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as all other vertebrates, would be covered, as long as the study was funded by PHS.

29. PHS Policy • In 1966, a panel of experts commissioned by the PHS wrote the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, which has become the primary reference in the United States for animal care and use programs.

30. PHS Policy • The Policy addresses concerns for the welfare of PEOPLE, as well as animals. • Requirement that each Institution have an Occupational Health Program to protect humans against animal hazards.

31. PHS Policy • No routine inspections; however, NIH inspects several institutions per year checking for compliance with the Guide and Policy • Major violations? Loss of all PHS funding to the institution

32. PHS Policy • Requires each institution have an IACUC, which is the local authority over the animal care and use program

33. “Animals” at the UA • ALL VERTEBRATES animals, regardless of use are covered.

34. Other Federal Laws Affecting Animal Research • Good Laboratory Practices Act—Requires to meet standards of PHS Policy and AWA • Animal Enterprise Protection Act • Controlled Substances Act • Patriot Act

35. Federal and State Wildlife Protection Laws

36. Non-Regulatory Policies Affecting Research

37. Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Care International

38. AAALAC • Considered the Gold Standard for animal care • AAALAC uses AWA, PHS and other sources as guides • Applies to all animals used by the institution

39. AVMA Panel on Euthanasia