Applied Microbiology

1. Applied Microbiology 1st part Introduction into Microbiology Book: Foundations in Microbiology, Basic Principles, 6th edition, by Talaro, McGraw-Hill 2nd part Microbial Nanobiotechnology Book: Microbial Bionanotechnology, by Rehm, horizon biosience

2. Applied Microbiology 1st lecture: Chapter 1 + 2 (Main Themes of Microbiology + Chemistry of Biology) 2nd lecture: Chapter 3 + 11 (Methods studying microorganisms+ Agents for microbial control) 3rd Lecture: Chapter 4 (Prokaryotic cells) 4th Lecture: Chapter 5 (Eukaryotic cells) 5th Lecture: Chapter 6 (Viruses) 6th Lecture: Chapter 7 (Microbial growth) 7th Lecture: Chapter 8 (microbial metabolism) 8th Lecture: Chapter 13 (microbe-human interaction) 9th Lecture: Chapter 12 (Drug, Microbe, Host - Elements of Chemotherapy 1st part Introduction into Microbiology Book: Foundations in Microbiology, Basic Principles, 6th edition, by Talaro, McGraw-Hill

4. Applied Microbiology

5. Applied Microbiology The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification Microorganisms include: • bacteria • viruses • fungi • protozoa • helminths (worms) • algae

6. Applied Microbiology -> All living organisms are made out of cells -> Cells are the smallest living unit Human egg cell + sperm

7. Applied Microbiology Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms -> Single cell organisms -> Microorganisms Yeast - Fungi Bacteria Archea

8. Applied Microbiology Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms -> multi cell organisms -> higher degree or organization of cells within the organism -> specialization of cells Human red blood cells Human skin cells Plant cells

9. Applied Microbiology Size of the cells

10. Microbes are Involved in Applied Microbiology -> Nutrient production and energy flow -> Decomposition -> Biotechnology • production of foods, drugs and vaccines -> Genetic engineering -> Bioremediation -> Infectious disease

11. Microbes are Involved in Applied Microbiology -> Nutrient production and energy flow -> Decomposition -> Biotechnology • production of foods, drugs and vaccines -> Genetic engineering -> Bioremediation -> Infectious disease

12. Applied Microbiology Microorganisms are important for Food production

13. Applied Microbiology Microbes at Work • clean up of Oil spills.

14. Applied Microbiology Infectious Diseases Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases. 10 B new infections/year worldwide 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

15. Applied Microbiology Infectious diseases

16. Applied Microbiology Infectious diseases

17. Applied Microbiology Infectious diseases

18. Applied Microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) • Dutch linen merchant • First to observe living microbes • Single-lens magnified up to 300X Insert figure 1.8

19. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage • Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms • Developed pasteurization • Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease • Developed a rabies vaccine Insert figure 1.11

20. Robert Koch (1843-1910) • Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory • Identified cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), Tuberculosis (Mycobacteria tuberculosis), and cholera (Vibrio cholerae) • Developed pure culture methods Insert figure 1.12

21. Applied Microbiology Evolutionary time line

22. Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying and Naming Living Things • Formal system originated by Carl von Linné (1701-1778) • Concerned with: • classification – orderly arrangement of organisms into groups • nomenclature – assigning names • identification – discovering and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes

23. Applied Microbiology Classification of Cells 5 Kingdoms

24. Applied Microbiology Two cell types - The Three Domain System Prokaryotes

25. Levels of Classification • Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya • Kingdom - 5 • Phylum or Division • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species

27. Naming Micoorganisms • Binomial (scientific) nomenclature • Gives each microbe 2 names: • Genus - noun, always capitalized • species - adjective, lowercase • Both italicized or underlined • Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) • Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) • Escherichia coli (E. coli)

28. Applied Microbiology Characteristics of Microbes • Procaryotes and eukaryotes • procaryote – microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles • eucaryote – unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles • Viruses • acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

29. Applied Microbiology Two cell types

30. Applied Microbiology Viruses -> are NO living organisms -> parasites

31. Applied Microbiology Chapter 2: Chemistry of Biology Carbon is the fundamental element of life • -> contains 4 atoms in its outer orbital • -> can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds • -> can form linear, branched, or ringed molecules

32. 4 Families of Macromolecules

34. Carbohydrates • Sugars and polysaccharides • general formula (CH2O)n • Monomer – monosaccharide (glucose, fructose) • Polymer –polysaccharide (starch, cellulose, glycogen) • Subunits linked by glycosidic bonds • Functions – structural support, nutrient and energy stores

35. Fig. 2.15

36. Lipids • Long or complex, hydrophobic, C - H chains • Triglycerides, phospholipids in membranes, steroids like cholesterol • Functions • triglycerides – energy storage • phospholipid – major cell membrane component • steroids – cell membrane component

37. Insert figure 2.19 phospholipids

38. Insert figure 2.18 triglycerides

39. Biological Membrane Insert figure 2.20 Cell membrane

40. Proteins • Predominant molecules in cells • Monomer – amino acids – 20 • Polymer – peptide, polypeptide, protein • Subunits linked by peptide bonds • Fold into very specific 3-D shapes • Functions - support, enzymes, transport, defense, movement

41. Fig. 2.21 The Peptide Bond

43. Protein structure Insert figure 2.22 Protein structure

44. Nucleic Acids • DNA and RNA • Monomer – nucleotide • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • A,T,C,G – nitrogen bases • double helix • function - hereditary material • RNA – ribonucleic acid • A,U,C,G – nitrogen bases • function - organize protein synthesis

45. Insert figure 2.23 Nucleic acid structure