Applied and Industrial Microbiology (BISC&BTEC6343)

1. Applied and Industrial Microbiology (BISC&BTEC6343) د. طارق عبد القادر البشيتي Assoc. Prof. in Biotechnology Biotechnology Department Islamic University of Gaza

2. BIOTECHNOLOGY IS UTILIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSOR PART OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO GET ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE Employing plant cells, animal cells and microorganisms not only to manufacture goods and medicines that are useful to mankind, but also to generate products and procedures which will improve the quality and health of livestock, agricultural crops and our environment at large.

3. Chemistry Biochemistry Ch.Eng. Biotech. Biology Engineering Bioeng.

4. Biotechnology involves integration of such advanced disciplines as:

5. History of Biotechnology • Dates back to ancient times. Alcoholic beverages, bread, cheese are first examples of unconscious use of biotechnology. • Visualization of cells by Leeuwenhoek in 17th century. The discovery of role of yeast in alcoholic fermentation by Pasteur in mid 1800s, utilization of pure yeast cultures in brewery by Hansen, detection of fermentation enzymes in yeast by Buchner in late 1800s. Then, early 20th century saw the first biological sewage treatment plants.

6. Discovery of penicillin by Flemming triggered the birth of modern biotechnology. This introduced the requirements for aseptic fermentation (bioprocess) techniques where contaminating microbes are excluded. Other antibiotics, vaccines, single cell proteins, vitamins, nucleotides have been produced commercially ever since, with more sophisticated fermentation and extraction methods.

7. In recent years, molecular biology techniques and Genetic engineering have made possible; the gene manipulations for production of highly productive strains, the utilization of bacteria for production of rare chemicals like insulin, interferon, growth hormone, viral antigen etc. The discovery of hybridoma technology (production of monoclonal antibodies) in 1975. • Another developing area is bioprocess engineering, investigating the ways to optimize fermentation process and products in the field of biotechnology.

8. Biotechnologically important microorganisms

11. Bacteria •     belong to kingdom Monera •     are procaryotes, genetic material is not surrounded by a special nuclear membrane •     single celled organisms •     their shape may be coccus, bacillus, spiral, square, star shaped and individual bacteria may form chains, clusters, pair etc. • generally reproduce by binary fission         •     some bacteria use organic compounds, some use inorganic compounds for nutrition, others make photosynthesis to manufacture their own food •     important tool for recombinant DNA technology

12. A typical bacterial cell is shown below. Scanning electron micrograph ofE.coli

14. FUNGI • belong to kingdom Fungi •     are eucaryotes, genetic material surrounded by nuclear membrane •     include unicellular yeast, multicellular molds and large multicellular mushrooms •     reproduce sexually or asexually •     absorb dissolved solutions of organic compounds from environment •     good source for enzymes, polysaccharides, lipids or other valuable bioproducts. •     used to supply human and animal diet with its high protein content and vitamins (single cell proteins, SCP)

16. Protozoa • belong to kingdom Protista •     are eucaryotes •     unicellular •     movement through pseudopods, flagella or cilia •     reproduce sexually or asexually •     feed upon bacteria and small particulate nutrients, some are part of normal microbiota of animals

18. Algae • some belong to kingdom Protista, some belong to Plantae •     are eucaryotes •     reproduce sexually or asexually •     photoautotrophs; they use light as source of energy. •     good source for enzymes, pigments, lipids etc.

19. Viruses •     have DNA or RNA as genetic material •     obligatory intracellular parasites, they multiply inside living cells. •     for multiplication, they invade host cell and by directing its metabolic machinery synthesize viral nucleic acids and enzymes. •     are used for vaccine production and serve as vectors for gene transfer

21. Some examples of substances synthesized by microorganisms

26. Microbial products can be classified as • The microbial cells themselves; biomass production • Primary metabolites; which are produced by cells to live and grow. Alcohol, amino acids, nucleotides, fats, vitamins and enzymes are examples of commercially important products • Secondary metabolites; are not necessarily required for life. Antibiotics and various alkaloids are the most important secondary metabolites

28. Advantages of microbial systems • Growth is fast • Mass cultivation is possible in large fermenters • Medium can be designed with cheaper components. • Genetic manipulations are widely and easily performed.

29. CHARACTERISTICS IMPORTANT IN MICROBES USED IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLGY

30. The organism must be able to grow in a simple medium and should preferably not require growth factors. • The organism should be able to grow vigorously and rapidly in the medium in use. • It should also produce the desired materials, whether they be cells or metabolic products, in as short a time as possible. • Its end products should not include toxic and other undesirable materials, especially if these end products are for internal consumption.

31. v. The organism should have a reasonable genetic, and hence physiological stability. vi. The organism should lend itself to a suitable method of product harvest at the end of the fermentation. vii. Wherever possible, organisms which have physiological requirements which protect them against competition from contaminants should be used. An organism with optimum productivity at high temperatures, low pH values or which is able to elaborate agents inhibitory to competitors has a decided advantage over others. Thus a thermophilic efficient producer would be preferred to a mesophilic one.

32. viii. The organism should be reasonably resistant to predators such as Bdellovibrio spp or bacteriophages. ix. Where practicable the organism should not be too highly demanding of oxygen as aeration contributes about 20% of the cost of the finished product. x. Lastly, the organism should be fairly easily amenable to genetic manipulation to enable the establishment of strains with more acceptable properties.