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Introduction Extent of global wetland coverage Definition of ecosystem service

Topic B4. Slide 2 of 32. Wetlands and Ecosystem Services. Introduction Extent of global wetland coverage Definition of ecosystem service Ecosystem services of wetlands Supporting Biological Provisioning Regulating Cultural Conclusion. Topic B4. Slide 3 of 32.

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Introduction Extent of global wetland coverage Definition of ecosystem service

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  1. Topic B4. Slide 2 of 32 Wetlands and Ecosystem Services • Introduction • Extent of global wetland coverage • Definition of ecosystem service • Ecosystem services of wetlands • Supporting • Biological • Provisioning • Regulating • Cultural • Conclusion

  2. Topic B4. Slide 3 of 32 • Wetlands and mangroves cover 6-9% of global land area • Despite their small area, wetlands provide many benefits for human populations • These benefits are called “ecosystem services”

  3. Topic B4. Slide 4 of 32

  4. Topic B4. Slide 5 of 32

  5. Topic B4. Slide 6 of 32

  6. Topic B4. Slide 7 of 32 • Resources and processes supplied by natural ecosystems that benefit humans Ecosystem Services

  7. Topic B4. Slide 8 of 32 Tropical Wetlands Ecosystem Services 1. Supporting 3. Provisioning 5. Cultural 2. Biological 4. Regulating (Ewel et al., 1998, Duke et al. 2007)

  8. Topic B4. Slide 9 of 32 1. Supporting • tree growth • nutrient cycling • water cycle Natural processes that support all other tropical wetland ecosystem services Source: Bioinformatics Centre (1998)

  9. Topic B4. Slide 10 of 32 2. Biological: plant Wetlands have many kinds or SPECIES of plants, fish, and animals (Tomlinson 1986; Nagelkerken et al, 2008) Sonneratia mangroves trees can growin very salty water Nypapalm mangroves trees cannot growin salty water, they like freshwater

  10. Topic B4. Slide 11 of 32 Mangrove tree species: Rhizophora apiculata Prop roots

  11. Topic B4. Slide 12 of 32 2. Biological: fish, shrimp, crabs The roots, trunks, and other plant structures within tropical wetlands and mangroves provide areas that can used by many species of fish, shrimp, and crabs when the wetlands are flooded with water (Primavera 1998; MacKenzie and Dionne, 2008).

  12. Topic B4. Slide 13 of 32 2. Biological: fish Different types of roots provide different levels of protection. Smaller spaces within pneumatophores and knee roots provide excellent hiding places for small fish. Prop roots also provide hiding places, but can also allow larger fish to access (MacKenzie and Cormier, 2012. knee roots prop roots pneumatophores Photo: R. MacKenzie

  13. Topic B4. Slide 14 of 32 2. Biological: fish More fish are usually found in ocean areas that are next to mangroves compared to ocean areas where there are no mangroves or where mangroves have been cut down.

  14. Topic B4. Slide 15 of 32 2. Biological: fish Leaf litter from wetland plants and mangrove trees are an important food source for crabs and shrimp.

  15. Topic B4. Slide 16 of 32 2. Biological: fish These crabs and shrimp are also important food for many species of birds and other animals.

  16. Topic B4. Slide 17 of 32 2. Biological: wildlife

  17. Topic B4. Slide 18 of 32 3. Provisioning A product that people can collect from forested wetlands (Bennett et al, 2009) • Food • Wood/Thatch • Fuel • Medicine

  18. Topic B4. Slide 19 of 32 3. Provisioning Firewood $270K Economic Value of mangrove forests in Kosrae FSM: $1,000,000/yr (Naylor and Drew 1998) Fish $170K Mangrove Crab $550K

  19. Topic B4. Slide 20 of 32 4. Regulating Services provided by wetlands that make it possible for humans to survive (Carpenter et al, 2012)

  20. Topic B4. Slide 21 of 32 4. Regulating STORM/FLOOD PROTECTION (McIvor et al, 2012)

  21. Topic B4. Slide 22 of 32 4. Regulating WATER QUALITY

  22. Topic B4. Slide 23 of 32 4. Regulating WATER QUALITY CARBON STORAGE (Kauffman ad Donato 2012) CO2 Aboveground C stocks Belowground C stocks

  23. Topic B4. Slide 24 of 32 4. Regulating CARBON STORAGE

  24. Topic B4. Slide 25 of 32 4. Regulating CARBON STOCKS (Tomlinson 1986) sediment roots C C C C C C

  25. Topic B4. Slide 26 of 32 5. Cultural Service that benefit the cultural advancement, mind, and spirit of human beings (Carpenter et al., 2009) • Aesthetic • Spiritual • Recreational • Educational • Ecotourism • Inspiration for music & art

  26. Topic B4. Slide 27 of 32 5. Cultural Non-material benefit that contributes to the development and cultural advancement of people • Aesthetic • Spiritual • Recreational • Educational • Ecotourism • Inspiration for music & art

  27. Topic B4. Slide 28 of 32 Conclusion Wetlands are important ecosystems that provide a variety of valuable ecosystems services to the human populations that rely on them. These services include many different kinds ofsupporting, biological, provisioning, regulatory, and cultural services.This underscores the importance of wetlands and the need to protectand conserve wetlands around the globe.While wetland restoration is also a much needed and important approach to wetland conservation, prevention of wetland loss is the best strategy to protect wetlands and maintain the many services that they provide.

  28. Topic B4. Slide 29 of 32 References BennettEM, Peterson GD, and Gordon LJ. 2009. Understanding relationships among multipleecosystem services. Ecology Letters 12:1394-1404. Benstead JP, March JG, Fry B, Ewel KC, and Pringle CM. 2006. Testing IsoSource: stable isotope analysis of a tropical fishery with diverse organic matter sources. Ecology 87:326-333. Carpenter SR, Mooney HA, Agard J, Capistranod D, DeFriese RS, Díaz S, Dietzg T, Duraiappah AK, Oteng-Yeboah A, et al. 2009. Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:1305-1312. DukeNC, Meynecke J–O, Dittman S, Ellison AM, Anger K, Berger U, Cannicci S, Diele K, Ewel KC, Field CD, et al. 2007. A world without mangroves? Science 317:41-42. Ewel KC, Twilley RR, and Ong JE. 1998. Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7:83-94. [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 1994. Mangrove forest management guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper No. 117. Rome.

  29. Topic B4. Slide 30 of 32 References GosselinkJG and Turner RE. 1978. The role of hydrology in freshwater wetland ecosystems. In Good RE, Whigham DF, and Simpson RL, eds. Freshwater wetlands. London: Academic Press, Inc. 63-78. Kauffman J B and Donato D C. 2012. Protocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure, biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests. Working Paper 86. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR LeeSY. 1998. Ecological role of grapsid crabs in mangrove ecosystems: a review. Marine & Freshwater Research 49:335-343. MacKenzie RA and Dionne M. 2008. Habitat heterogeneity: the importance of salt marshpools and high marsh surfaces to fish production in two Gulf of Maine salt marshes. Marine Ecology ProgressSeries 368:217-230. MacKenzie RA. and Cormier N. 2012. Stand structure influences nekton community composition and provides protection from natural disturbance in Micronesian mangroves. Hydrobiologia 685:155-171. McIvor AL, Spencer T, MöllerI, and SpaldingM. 2012. Storm surge reduction by mangroves. Natural Coastal Protection SeriesReport 2. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit Working Paper 41. The Nature Conservancy and Wetlands International.

  30. Topic B4. Slide 31 of 32 References MumbyPJ, Edwards AJ, Arias-Gonzalez JE, Lindeman KC, Blackwell PG, Gall A, Gorczynska MI, Harborne AR, Pescod CL, Renken H, at al. 2004. Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 427:533-536. Nagelkerken I, Blaber SJM, Bouillon S, Green P, Haywood M, Kirton LG, Meynecke J-O, Pawlik J, Penrose HM, Sasekumar A, et al. 2008. The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review. Aquatic Botany 89:155-185. PrimaveraJH. 1997. Fish predation on mangrove-associated penaids: the role of structure and substrate. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 215:205-216. Primavera JH. 1998. Mangroves as nurseries: Shrimp populations in mangrove and non-mangrove habitats. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46:457-464. Tomlinson PB. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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