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Evolution of Health Practices Through History

Explore the timeline of health practices from early humans to modern times. From ancient civilizations to the Age of Enlightenment, learn about key developments that shaped the field of health education.

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Evolution of Health Practices Through History

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  1. The History of Health and Health Education Chapter 2

  2. Why study history? • Can’t fully appreciate the profession without knowing about the origin • Allows you to see progress made & observe trends over time • Provides an appreciation of the struggles & obstacles faced by pioneers of the profession • Learn from the past

  3. Approximate Timeline by Era • Early Humans • Conjecture • Observation, trial, & error • Puzzled by disease and death • Early efforts at community health • India: 4,000 years ago, signs of sanitation • Oldest health-related documents • Smith Papyri – surgical techniques • Code of Hammurabi – laws pertaining to health practices (physician fees)

  4. Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Egyptians (3000-1500 B.C.) • Primitive medicine due in part to conservatism of priest-physicians • Known for cleanliness • Hebrews – (1500 B.C.) • Extended Egyptian hygienic thought • First written hygienic code: book of Leviticus

  5. Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Greeks (1000-400 B.C.) • 1st to put emphasis on disease prevention • Balance among physical (athletics), mental (philosophy), and spiritual (theology) • Asclepius – god of medicine • Hygeia – power to prevent disease • Panacea – ability to treat disease • Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) – the first epidemiologist and father of medicine

  6. Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Romans (500 B.C.- A.D. 500) • Accepted ideas of Greeks • Emphasis on community health (e.g., sewer & aqueduct systems) • Appreciation for hygiene • Developed first hospital • Public medical service & private medical practice • Study of anatomy & practice of surgery

  7. Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Middle Dark Ages (500 B.C.- A.D. 1500) • Political and social unrest; many health advances lost • Overcrowding, sewage removal, lack of fresh water problems • Christianity was born; had importance of body • Many epidemics, i.e., leprosy & bubonic (black) plague • Many theories for disease; many superstitions • Education about health continued

  8. Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Renaissance (rebirth) (A.D. 1500 - 1700) • Science re-emerged as legitimate field • Still much disease & plague; medical care rudimentary • Barber-surgeons • English royalty lived better; hygiene problems • 16th century in Italy; public health boards instituted • Microscope discovered; epidemiology studied

  9. Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Age of Enlightenment (1700s) • Period of revolution, industrialization, & growth in cities • Disease & epidemics still problems • Miasmas theory – from vapors • Edward Jenner discovered vaccine for smallpox • Health education still not a profession

  10. Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • The 1800s • First 50 years, much disease, little progress • 1842, Chadwick’s Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Populations of Great Britain • 1849, Snow removes pump handle in London • 1862, Pasteur proposes germ theory • 1876, Koch aligns specific microbes with specific diseases • 1875-1900, bacteriological period of public health

  11. Public Heath in the United States • 1700s • Health conditions similar to Europe: deplorable; sanitation poor; much disease • Many immigrants, cities growing, overcrowding • Quarantine & environmental regulations used • 1789, first life expectancy tables created • 1790s, some cities formed local health boards • 1798, Marine Hospital Service Act

  12. Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1800-1850 • Little progress, still much disease • Industrial Revolution brought more people to cities • 1850-1900 • Public health reform slow to get started • 1850, Shattuck’s Report of Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts • 1872, APHA founded • State boards of health formed • 1879, National Board of Health created

  13. Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1900-1920 • Reform phase of public health • Many social problems • First voluntary health agencies formed • 1902, National Assoc. for Study & Prevention of TB • 1913, American Cancer Society • 1912, Marine Hospital Service becomes U.S. Public Health Service • 1920s • Relatively quiet period in public health • Need for health education existed

  14. Rules of Good Health – 1922(Means, 1975) • Full bath more than once a week • Brush teeth at least once a day • Sleep long hours with windows open • Drink as much milk as possible, but no coffee or tea • Eat some vegetables or fruit everyday • Drink at least 4 glasses of water a day • Play part of every day outdoors • A bowel movement every morning

  15. Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1930s & 1940s • Emphasis on treatment over prevention • 1930, Hygienic Laboratory converted to the National Institute of Health (now called National Institutes of Health (NIH)) • Social Security Act of 1935, beginning of federal government’s involvement in social issues • 1946, Communicable Disease Center was established (now called Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC)) • 1946, National Hospital Survey & Construction Act, also known as Hill-Burton Act: distribution & quality of hospitals

  16. Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1950s & 1960s • Switch of emphasis from communicable to noncommunicable diseases • Seed planted for health educators to play a greater role in prevention • 1965, amendments to Social Security Act of 1935 • Medicare: health insurance for the elderly • Medicaid: health insurance for the poor

  17. Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1970s, 1980s, & 1990s • 1974, Canadian report A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: importance of lifestyle & environmental factors to health • 1974 to present, Health Promotion Era of Public Health • 1979, Healthy People published: importance of lifestyle • 1980, Promoting Health/ Preventing Disease: Objectives of the Nation: 1st set of objectives • 1990, Healthy People 2000, National Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Objectives • 1997, health educator, new occupation classification

  18. Is the nation’s health promotion and disease prevention agenda • A roadmap to improve health using a 10-year plan • Composed of three parts

  19. Part I • Healthy People 2010: Understanding & Improving Health • History • Determinants of health model • How to use a systematic approach • Leading Health Indicators (LHI)

  20. Physical activity Overweight & obesity Tobacco use Substance abuse Responsible sexual behavior Mental health Injury & violence Environmental quality Immunization Access to health care LEADING HEALTH INDICATORS

  21. Part II • Healthy People 2010: Objectives for Improving Health • Overarching goals • Increase quality and years of healthy life • Eliminate health disparities • 467 objectives distributed over 28 focus areas • 1) Access to Quality Health Services, 2) Arthritis, Osteoporosis, & Chronic Back Conditions, 3) Cancer, 4) Chronic Kidney Disease, 5) Diabetes, 6) Disability & Secondary Conditions, 7) Education & Community-Based Programs, 8) Environmental Health, 9) Family Planning, 10) Food Safety, 11) Health Communication, 12) Heart Disease & Stroke, 13) HIV, 14) Immunizations & Infectious Diseases, 15) Injury & Violence Prevention, 16) MIC Health, 17) Medical Product Safety, 18) Mental Health & Mental Disorders, 19) Nutrition & Overweight, 20) Occupational Safety & Health, 21) Oral Health, 22) Physical Activity & Fitness, 23) Public Health Infrastructure, 24) Respiratory Diseases, 25) STDs, 26) Substance Abuse, 27) Tobacco Use, 28) Vision & Hearing

  22. Part III • Tracking Healthy People 2010 – provides a comprehensive review of the statistical measures that will be used to evaluate progress

  23. School Heath in the United States • 1647, “Old Deluder” law passed in MA • 1837, Mann, Secretary of MA Board of Education, called for mandatory programs of hygiene • mid-1800s, most schools tax supported & attendance required • 1850, Shattuck’s report called for teaching of physiology • 1880-1890, all states passed law requiring teaching on evils of alcohol, narcotics, & tobacco because of pressure from Women’s Christian Temperance Union

  24. School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1910-1920 • Health education characterized by inconsistency & awkward progress • 1915, National TB Association introduced “Modern Health Crusade” • Sally Jean Lucas, active leader in Child Health Organization of America, was responsible for changing name from hygiene education to health education • WWI, 29% of men rejected for service on physical grounds; helped show need for school health

  25. School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1920s, 1930s, & 1940s • Profession was moving forward • A number of school health demonstration projects; showed habits could be changed & health improved • 1937, American Association of School Physicians founded; later becomes American School Health Association • A number of other professional organizations include school health in their title or mission • WWII, 50% of men rejected for service

  26. School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1950s • Demonstration projects completed; positive results • 1964 • School Health Education Study (SHES) • Phase 1, Surveys of students & administrators: results were appalling • Phase 2, Health curriculum: 10 conceptual areas • 1978 • Office of Comprehensive School Health established in USDE

  27. School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1980s • Coordinated School Health Program

  28. School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1980s • Coordinated School Health Program • Comprehensive School Health Instruction

  29. School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1995 • National Health Education Standards; health literacy • Students will: • comprehend concepts related to health promotion & disease prevention • demonstrate the ability to access valid health information & health promoting products & services • demonstrate the ability to practice health-enhancing behaviors & reduce health risks • analyze the influence of culture, media, technology, & other factors on health • demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to enhance health • demonstrate the ability to use goal-setting & decision-making skills to enhance health • demonstrate the ability to advocate for personal, family, & community health

  30. School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • Today • Schools still hold great promise for health education efforts • 52 million K-12 students • 100,000 schools • 14 million college students • CDC’s six critical behaviors • Alcohol & drug use • Injury & violence (including suicide) • Tobacco use • Nutrition • Physical activity • Sexual behaviors

  31. The History of Health and Health Education Chapter 2 – The End

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