310 likes | 499 Views
The History of Health and Health Education. Chapter 2. Why study history?. Can’t fully appreciate the profession without knowing about the origin Allows you to see progress made & observe trends over time
E N D
Why study history? • Can’t fully appreciate the profession without knowing about the origin • Allows you to see progress made & observe trends over time • Provides an appreciation of the struggles & obstacles faced by pioneers of the profession • Learn from the past
Approximate Timeline by Era • Early Humans • Conjecture • Observation, trial, & error • Puzzled by disease and death • Early efforts at community health • India: 4,000 years ago, signs of sanitation • Oldest health-related documents • Smith Papyri – surgical techniques • Code of Hammurabi – laws pertaining to health practices (physician fees)
Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Egyptians (3000-1500 B.C.) • Primitive medicine due in part to conservatism of priest-physicians • Known for cleanliness • Hebrews – (1500 B.C.) • Extended Egyptian hygienic thought • First written hygienic code: book of Leviticus
Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Greeks (1000-400 B.C.) • 1st to put emphasis on disease prevention • Balance among physical (athletics), mental (philosophy), and spiritual (theology) • Asclepius – god of medicine • Hygeia – power to prevent disease • Panacea – ability to treat disease • Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) – the first epidemiologist and father of medicine
Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Romans (500 B.C.- A.D. 500) • Accepted ideas of Greeks • Emphasis on community health (e.g., sewer & aqueduct systems) • Appreciation for hygiene • Developed first hospital • Public medical service & private medical practice • Study of anatomy & practice of surgery
Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Middle Dark Ages (500 B.C.- A.D. 1500) • Political and social unrest; many health advances lost • Overcrowding, sewage removal, lack of fresh water problems • Christianity was born; had importance of body • Many epidemics, i.e., leprosy & bubonic (black) plague • Many theories for disease; many superstitions • Education about health continued
Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Renaissance (rebirth) (A.D. 1500 - 1700) • Science re-emerged as legitimate field • Still much disease & plague; medical care rudimentary • Barber-surgeons • English royalty lived better; hygiene problems • 16th century in Italy; public health boards instituted • Microscope discovered; epidemiology studied
Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • Age of Enlightenment (1700s) • Period of revolution, industrialization, & growth in cities • Disease & epidemics still problems • Miasmas theory – from vapors • Edward Jenner discovered vaccine for smallpox • Health education still not a profession
Approximate Timeline by Era (con’t.) • The 1800s • First 50 years, much disease, little progress • 1842, Chadwick’s Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Populations of Great Britain • 1849, Snow removes pump handle in London • 1862, Pasteur proposes germ theory • 1876, Koch aligns specific microbes with specific diseases • 1875-1900, bacteriological period of public health
Public Heath in the United States • 1700s • Health conditions similar to Europe: deplorable; sanitation poor; much disease • Many immigrants, cities growing, overcrowding • Quarantine & environmental regulations used • 1789, first life expectancy tables created • 1790s, some cities formed local health boards • 1798, Marine Hospital Service Act
Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1800-1850 • Little progress, still much disease • Industrial Revolution brought more people to cities • 1850-1900 • Public health reform slow to get started • 1850, Shattuck’s Report of Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts • 1872, APHA founded • State boards of health formed • 1879, National Board of Health created
Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1900-1920 • Reform phase of public health • Many social problems • First voluntary health agencies formed • 1902, National Assoc. for Study & Prevention of TB • 1913, American Cancer Society • 1912, Marine Hospital Service becomes U.S. Public Health Service • 1920s • Relatively quiet period in public health • Need for health education existed
Rules of Good Health – 1922(Means, 1975) • Full bath more than once a week • Brush teeth at least once a day • Sleep long hours with windows open • Drink as much milk as possible, but no coffee or tea • Eat some vegetables or fruit everyday • Drink at least 4 glasses of water a day • Play part of every day outdoors • A bowel movement every morning
Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1930s & 1940s • Emphasis on treatment over prevention • 1930, Hygienic Laboratory converted to the National Institute of Health (now called National Institutes of Health (NIH)) • Social Security Act of 1935, beginning of federal government’s involvement in social issues • 1946, Communicable Disease Center was established (now called Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC)) • 1946, National Hospital Survey & Construction Act, also known as Hill-Burton Act: distribution & quality of hospitals
Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1950s & 1960s • Switch of emphasis from communicable to noncommunicable diseases • Seed planted for health educators to play a greater role in prevention • 1965, amendments to Social Security Act of 1935 • Medicare: health insurance for the elderly • Medicaid: health insurance for the poor
Public Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1970s, 1980s, & 1990s • 1974, Canadian report A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: importance of lifestyle & environmental factors to health • 1974 to present, Health Promotion Era of Public Health • 1979, Healthy People published: importance of lifestyle • 1980, Promoting Health/ Preventing Disease: Objectives of the Nation: 1st set of objectives • 1990, Healthy People 2000, National Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Objectives • 1997, health educator, new occupation classification
Is the nation’s health promotion and disease prevention agenda • A roadmap to improve health using a 10-year plan • Composed of three parts
Part I • Healthy People 2010: Understanding & Improving Health • History • Determinants of health model • How to use a systematic approach • Leading Health Indicators (LHI)
Physical activity Overweight & obesity Tobacco use Substance abuse Responsible sexual behavior Mental health Injury & violence Environmental quality Immunization Access to health care LEADING HEALTH INDICATORS
Part II • Healthy People 2010: Objectives for Improving Health • Overarching goals • Increase quality and years of healthy life • Eliminate health disparities • 467 objectives distributed over 28 focus areas • 1) Access to Quality Health Services, 2) Arthritis, Osteoporosis, & Chronic Back Conditions, 3) Cancer, 4) Chronic Kidney Disease, 5) Diabetes, 6) Disability & Secondary Conditions, 7) Education & Community-Based Programs, 8) Environmental Health, 9) Family Planning, 10) Food Safety, 11) Health Communication, 12) Heart Disease & Stroke, 13) HIV, 14) Immunizations & Infectious Diseases, 15) Injury & Violence Prevention, 16) MIC Health, 17) Medical Product Safety, 18) Mental Health & Mental Disorders, 19) Nutrition & Overweight, 20) Occupational Safety & Health, 21) Oral Health, 22) Physical Activity & Fitness, 23) Public Health Infrastructure, 24) Respiratory Diseases, 25) STDs, 26) Substance Abuse, 27) Tobacco Use, 28) Vision & Hearing
Part III • Tracking Healthy People 2010 – provides a comprehensive review of the statistical measures that will be used to evaluate progress
School Heath in the United States • 1647, “Old Deluder” law passed in MA • 1837, Mann, Secretary of MA Board of Education, called for mandatory programs of hygiene • mid-1800s, most schools tax supported & attendance required • 1850, Shattuck’s report called for teaching of physiology • 1880-1890, all states passed law requiring teaching on evils of alcohol, narcotics, & tobacco because of pressure from Women’s Christian Temperance Union
School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1910-1920 • Health education characterized by inconsistency & awkward progress • 1915, National TB Association introduced “Modern Health Crusade” • Sally Jean Lucas, active leader in Child Health Organization of America, was responsible for changing name from hygiene education to health education • WWI, 29% of men rejected for service on physical grounds; helped show need for school health
School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1920s, 1930s, & 1940s • Profession was moving forward • A number of school health demonstration projects; showed habits could be changed & health improved • 1937, American Association of School Physicians founded; later becomes American School Health Association • A number of other professional organizations include school health in their title or mission • WWII, 50% of men rejected for service
School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1950s • Demonstration projects completed; positive results • 1964 • School Health Education Study (SHES) • Phase 1, Surveys of students & administrators: results were appalling • Phase 2, Health curriculum: 10 conceptual areas • 1978 • Office of Comprehensive School Health established in USDE
School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1980s • Coordinated School Health Program
School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1980s • Coordinated School Health Program • Comprehensive School Health Instruction
School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • 1995 • National Health Education Standards; health literacy • Students will: • comprehend concepts related to health promotion & disease prevention • demonstrate the ability to access valid health information & health promoting products & services • demonstrate the ability to practice health-enhancing behaviors & reduce health risks • analyze the influence of culture, media, technology, & other factors on health • demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to enhance health • demonstrate the ability to use goal-setting & decision-making skills to enhance health • demonstrate the ability to advocate for personal, family, & community health
School Heath in the U.S. (con’t.) • Today • Schools still hold great promise for health education efforts • 52 million K-12 students • 100,000 schools • 14 million college students • CDC’s six critical behaviors • Alcohol & drug use • Injury & violence (including suicide) • Tobacco use • Nutrition • Physical activity • Sexual behaviors
The History of Health and Health Education Chapter 2 – The End