Plants for back system

1. Plants for back system • Asparagus Lemon Tree • Apple tree Strawberries • Easter Egg Plant Grapes • Dwarf pomegranate tree • Golden apple tree Fig tree • Cucumber • Butternut squash • Flowering almond • Eggplant

2. Biology of Fish

3. Fish belong to the group Chordata Includes around 52,000 species including fish, mammals, reptiles, etc.

4. Characteristics of Chordates • Chordates: named for the notochord structure found in all chordate embryos. • Notochord: flexible rod that extends through the length of the body

5. Diversity of Fish • Fish were the 1st jawed vertebrates • Make up 30,000 of the +52,000 species of vertebrates • Two main groups of fish: • Cartilaginous fish: skeleton made of cartilage • Ex. sharks and rays • One class: Chondrichthyes • Bony fish: skeletons contain bone hardened by calcium compounds • Ex. ray finned fish, coelacanths, and lungfish • Three classes: Actinopterygii, Actinistia, Dipnoi

6. Chondricthyes(Sharks, rays, and ratfishes) • 850 species • Bony skeleton replaced with flexible cartilage for buoyancy • no swim bladder • exposed gill slits • have well developed sensory organs

7. Actinopterigii(ray-finned fish) lateral line swim bladder gills • Flexible rays support fins • Operculum flap protects and ventilates gills • Air-filled swim bladder regulates buoyancy • Skin contains bony scales and lateral line pits • Most are oviparous (lay eggs) with external fertilization, but many reproductive strategies can be found in this group including hermaphrodites capable of cloning themselves and species who give birth to live young operculum

8. Actinistia(lobe-finned fish) • Includesthe coelacanth and tetrapod lineages • Thick muscles of pectoral and pelvic fins surround rod-shaped bones • Coelacanths were thought to be extinct until 1938 when they were discovered of the coast of east Africa. Since then a second population has been found in Indonesia

9. Dipnoi (Lungfish) • Found only in Southern Hemisphere • Adaptation to Air Sac that can function as lungs during periods of drought. • Also have gills to obtain oxygen from water.

10. What do fish need? • Clean Water: Good pH, low ammonia, no harmful chemicals • Oxygen: Take in oxygen dissolved in water • Food: Need high amount of protein • Proper Temperature: Fish are cold-blooded, so metabolism slows in cold temps • Proper Salinity: Depends on freshwater or saltwater

11. Fish Anatomy • Lateral line: sensory organs running along the body help sense changes in water pressure (feel other animals) • Gills: extract oxygen from the surrounding water • Swim Bladder: aids in “hearing” for many fish and transmits vibrations to sensory organs (sharks use electromagnetic fields), the lungfish use these as a respiratory organ to breath air • Fins: swimming and defense

12. Fish External Anatomy - Fins

13. Fish External Anatomy - Fins • Caudal fin - used for forward propulsion of the fish. • Soft dorsal fin - may be used for forward propulsion and as a rutter to change direction. • Spiny dorsal fin - used as a keel to maintain fish balance and stay upright. Can be lowered to increase streamlining of fish (increase swimming speed) • Pectoral fin - used for steering (braking and turning) and may be used for forward propulsion. • Pelvic fin - prevents fish from floating upward when fish brakes (with pectoral fins) • Anal fin - acts as a rudder for balance when turning, may be used for forward propulsion.

14. Fish Internal Anatomy

15. What are the parts of the fish digestive system? • The digestive system is similar to other animals. • Size and shape of each component of the system will vary with the type of fish and its diet. • Carnivores • Fish that eats meat. • Have a large stomach and short intestines.

16. What are the parts of the fish digestive system? • Parts include: • Mouth • Teeth • Tongue • Branchiospines • Esophagus • Stomach • Intestines • Anus

17. What are the parts of the fish digestive system? • Mouth • Entry point of system. • Carnivores mouth • Have many teeth that point inwards. • Not used for chewing. • Used to capture and hold prey. • Other fish • Few or no teeth.

18. What are the parts of the fish digestive system? • Tongue • Helps move food around in the mouth. • Branchiospines • Act as filters to capture small food from water as the fish swims. • Part of the gill structure that helps fish swim. • Esophagus • Short tube that connects mouth to stomach.

19. What are the parts of the fish digestive system? • Stomach • Organ where digestion begins. • Some stomachs will expand greatly. • Allows them to eat large quantities of food. • Other stomachs are small that will accommodate small amounts of food. • Some fish have almost no stomach. • Esophagus connects directly to intestines.

20. What are the parts of the fish digestive system? • Intestines • Site of food digestion and nutrient absorption. • Anus • Exterior opening of system. • Unused food and wasted material is exited.

21. Nervous/Muscular System • Nervous System • Relatively simple system • Central Nervous System • Brain and Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System • Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves • Muscular System • Muscle segments in the shape of “W” • Muscle is the edible part of the fish

22. Circulatory/Respiratory System Heart and Blood Vessels • 2 chambered heart: distributes O2 in the body • Atria-collects blood from body • Ventricle-sends blood to the gills • Humans have a 4 chambered heart – fish need less 02 • Arteries: carry blood away from the heart • Veins carry blood back to the heart Gills • Blood-filled membranes that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide • Like the lungs in a human

23. EXIT SLIP • Write Name and Date on Top of half sheet • 1. What is one difference between Cartilaginous Fish and Bony Fish? • 2. What are the three groups of Bony Fish? • 3. How does a fish’s heart differ from humans? • 4. What type of Bony fish is a Tilapia? • 5. What organ allows a fish to stay motionless in the water without sinking?