CHAPTER 11(part2) LISTENING

1. Tony Lynch David Mendelsohn CHAPTER 11(part2)LISTENING

2. Listeningstrategies Learning strategies: Techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information People are usually not conscious of how they listen in their first language unless they encounter difficulty.

3. What do second or foreign language learners need to do when they are listening??? They need to make conscious use of the strategies they use unconsciously in their first language.

4. Learning strategies are usually divided into metacognitive, cognitive, and social/affective Meta cognitive strategy: It is developing a conscious awareness of the strategies we find ourselves using as we listen. Cognitive listening strategy: it would be listening to the way people address each other (Darling or Dr Rose or Jamie)as a clue to the interpersonal relationship between them. Social/affective strategy: asking for assistance from the interlocutor.

5. How do skillful listeners use them??? Skillful listeners use them in combination, varying their use according to the needs of the specific situation.

6. How do we gain insights into listening? Settings WHERE Methods HOW

7. Settings 1. Experiments 2. Pedagogic Tasks 3. Test Performances 4. real life communication

8. SETTING Experiments Experimental investigation has concentrated on aspects such the effects of prosodic patterns or speech recognition. We know that the characteristic patterning of speech in our L1 provides a metrical template that influences the way we process L2 speech. These unconscious L1 metrical habits caused listeners problems up to relatively advanced levels of L2 proficiency.

9. SETTING Pedagogic Tasks The literature on L2 listening has tended to focus on pedagogic settings, such as the lecture theatre.

10. Test Performances Researchers with access to candidates’ performances in listening in world-wide tests, such as IELTS and TOEFL, have been able to investigate listening skills on a very large scale.

11. Real life communication An important source of insight into listening is our own first-hand experience of communicative encounters and the listening problems to which they give rise.

12. Methods 1. Observation 2. Introspection 3. Retrospection

13. METHODS Observation • Observation takes many forms, from informal noticing of real life examples of misunderstandings to experiments designed to create ambiguities and referential conflicts.

14. Introspection:(think aloud protocol) It is Comments by the listener at, or immediately after, the time of listening Introspection studies are open to three main criticisms: First: the demands of online reporting may lead listeners to listen differently from normal. Second: the data obtained can be greatly influenced by the listeners’ skill in verbalizing mental process, especially if the self- reporting is done in the L2 Third: listeners’ reports may reflect prior knowledge, rather their listening. These last two problems can be reduced by allowing subjects to report in L1 OR by selecting unfamiliar topics.

15. Retrospection The listener is asked to recall the experience of comprehending some time later, usually prompted by memory support such as reviewing a recording of the original conversation. Observation, introspection and retrospection need not be mutually exclusive. Applying them in judicious combination is probably the best approach to finding out how individuals listen and how they deal with comprehension problems.

16. From theory to practice: issue in teaching L2 listening The point of contact between theory and application is to be found in the work on learning strategies. Diagnostic approach: in which a listening lesson would involve pre-listening ,listening and then an extended post-listening session’ in which gaps in the learners’ listening skills could be examined and redressed through short micro listening exercises’

17. Difficulty factors in listening Five characteristics that affect listening: • Text characteristics • Interlocutor characteristics • Task characteristics • Listener characteristics • Process characteristics

18. Listening text will be easier if: • There are few speakers and objects • The speakers and objects are distinct and different from one another • The spatial relations are clear • The order of telling the events matches the order in which the event occurred. • The inferences called for are those that one would have predicted. • The content of the text fix with what the listener already knows.

19. Teaching versus testing of listening Weakness 1. The students were seldom given any pre-listening activities to activate their schematic knowledge 2. The students were rarely told what sort of questions they would be asked after listening 3. The students were expected to listen to all texts in the same way 4. The listening material was usually audiotaped, depriving the learners of any visual clues

20. Authenticity of text and task Authenticity of text Authentic: not designed or recorded for nonnative speakers or for language learning purposes. Is it always possible to use only authentic materials? No Why? For example: if we are teaching students to deduce interpersonal relations between speakers by listening for the ways in which they address each other, it is unlikely that we will find in ‘naturally occurring’ texts sufficient occurrences of the use of names ,nick names and titles to provide adequate practice.

21. Authenticity of Task Ever since the advent of communicative language teaching (CLT), efforts have been made by materials developers and teachers to make learning tasks as realistic as possible. • Example: information gap

22. Strategy instruction It is at the root of teaching learners how to tackle a listening text. It involves showing learners clues as to how to get at meaning when there are gaps in their competence making this difficult. SIMT Mendelsohn (1994), as part of his strategy base approach ,offers examples of strategies to determine setting (S) ,interpersonal relationships(I),mood(M) and topic(T) S: WHERE WHEN I: WHO M: HOW T: WHAT WHY EXAMPLE: A: Jane, have you met the new office secretary? B: No, not yet. Why? A: She’s really nice. Did you know that she’s pregnant?

23. Skills training A certain level of linguistic proficiency is required in order to handle listening comprehension. • Some of the features that need to be practiced are: • Discriminating between similar sounds • Coping with and processing ’fast speech’ • Processing stress and intonational differences • Processing the meaning of different discourse markers • Understanding communicative functions and the non-one-to-one equivalence between form and functions

24. Title