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EVOLUTION AND TAXONOMY REVIEW

EVOLUTION AND TAXONOMY REVIEW. EVOLUTION. IS A CHANGE IN FREQUENCY OF CERTAIN GENES IN A POPULATION MAY BE USED TO EXPLAIN THE DISAPPEARANCE OF A GENETIC TRAIT IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE RELATES MORE TO A POPULATION THAN A SPECIES. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES. FORM DUE TO DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

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EVOLUTION AND TAXONOMY REVIEW

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  1. EVOLUTION AND TAXONOMY REVIEW

  2. EVOLUTION • IS A CHANGE IN FREQUENCY OF CERTAIN GENES IN A POPULATION • MAY BE USED TO EXPLAIN THE DISAPPEARANCE OF A GENETIC TRAIT • IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE • RELATES MORE TO A POPULATION THAN A SPECIES

  3. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES • FORM DUE TO DIVERGENT EVOLUTION • HAVE SIMILAR STRUCTURE BUT DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS • MAY RESULT IN SPECIATION • MAY INVOLVE PALEONTOLOGY • INVOLVED IN ADAPTIVE RADIATION

  4. FOSSILS • WINDOWS ON THE PAST • OLDEST FOSSILS OCCUR DEEPEST IN THE GROUND USUALLY • MAY BE DATED USING RADIOACTIVE DATING (HALF-LIVES)

  5. PEOPLE AND EVOLUTION • CUVIER - FELT THE EARTH HAS BEEN MARKED BY MASS DESTRUCTIONS WITH FOLLOWING REPOPULATION • LAMARCK- ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS (USE AND DISUSE) • DARWIN - NATURAL SELECTION

  6. DARWIN STUDIED THE FINCHES ON THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS. THEY REPRESENT AN EXAMPLE OF ADAPTIVE RADIATION • DARWIN FAVORED A GRADUALISM FORM OF EVOLUTION WHILE MANY TODAY FAVOR PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

  7. NATURAL SELECTION • OVERPOPULATION • COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES • VARIANCE WITHIN THE POPULATION • THOSE ORGANISMS BEST FIT SURVIVE TO REPRODUCE • OPERATES WITHIN A POPULATION

  8. MUTATION AND EVOLUTION • MUTATIONS DO NOT ALONE PROVIDE THE CAUSE OF EVOLUTION • OTHER SOURCES OF EVOLUTION ARE IMMIGRATION, CROSSING OVER, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, AND EMIGRATION

  9. POPULATION GENETICS • HARDY-WEINBERG FORMULA • ALLELE FREQUENCIES!!!!!!! • p’s and q’s (p + q = 1) • STATES THAT UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, FREQUENCIES OF ALLELES IN A POPULATION REMAIN CONSTANT.

  10. GENETIC DRIFT • THIS IS DUE TO CHANCE WHEN ALLELES ARE COMBINING • THE INFLUENCE OF GENETIC DRIFT ON ALLELE FREQUENCIES INCREASES AS POPULATION SIZE DECREASES.

  11. FOUNDER PRINCIPLE (EFFECT) • THIS IS DUE TO THE EFFECT OF THE ALLELES OF AN ORIGINATING GROUP ON A POPULATION

  12. GENE FLOW • CAN ONLY OCCUR WHEN INDIVIDUALS INTERBREED • ALLOPATRIC AND SYMPATRIC SPECIATION MAY OCCUR WHEN GENE FLOW DOES NOT OCCUR

  13. AN ALLELE PRESENT IN A CERTAIN POPULATION BUT NOT OTHERS MAY GIVE THE POPULATION AN ADVANTAGE IN ITS PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT.

  14. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES • THESE STRUCTURES ARE SIMILAR IN FUNCTION BUT HAVE DIFFERENT FORM OR STRUCTURE • MAY INDICATE CONVERGENT EVOLUTION • MAY PROVIDE INACCURATE INFORMATION ABOUT PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS

  15. TIME LINES • EARTH AGE - 4.5 BILLION YEARS • LIFE - 3.5 BILLION YEARS • DARWIN - MID 1800’S • HALF-LIVES OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES ALLOWS DETERMINING THE AGES OF FOSSILS AND ROCK FORMATIONS

  16. ORIGIN OF LIFE • FIRST ORGANISMS PROBABLY WERE PROKARYOTES AND HETEROTROPHIC • THE OCEANS ARE THOUGHT TO BE THE CRADLE OF LIFE • EARTH’S EARLY ATMOSPHERE INCLUDED WATER, METHANE, AMMONIA AND HYDROGEN, NO O

  17. PEOPLE AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE • MILLER - CHAMBER OF EARLY EARTH GASES • FOX - MICROSPERES • COACERVATES

  18. MISC • PLATE TECTONICS EXPLAINS BIOGEOGRAPHY • BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS IS LARGELY USED TODAY IN ESTABLISHING PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS. • EMBRYOLOGY MAY INDICATE PAST ANCESTRY

  19. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM INVOLVES THE DIFFERENCE IN APPEARANCE OF THE MALE AND FEMALE OF A SPECIES. • ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION INVOLVES GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION

  20. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION OCCURS OFTEN IN PLANTS AS A RESULT OF POLYPLOIDY, IT DOES NOT INVOLVE GEOLOGICAL ISOLATION • CONVERGENCE, DIVERGENCE • DNA HYBRIDIZATION ALLOWS ONE TO ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIP OF CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES

  21. TAXONOMY • BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE • TAXA (KINGDOM, PHYLA, CLASS, ORDERS, FAMILIES, GENUS, SPECIES) TAXA ARE THE UNITS OF EVOLUTION • THE TAXONOMIC CATEGORY IN WHICH EVOLUTION MAY OCCUR IS THE SPECIES TAXA

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