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Guaranteeing Civil Rights

Guaranteeing Civil Rights. Post Civil-War America. Total U.S. population is 33,000,000 Slavery abolished with 13 th Amendment! 3.5 million former slaves need to be made full citizens. Many Southern states try to restrict African- Americans following the war. Deny them citizenship

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Guaranteeing Civil Rights

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  1. Guaranteeing Civil Rights

  2. Post Civil-War America • Total U.S. population is 33,000,000 • Slavery abolished with 13th Amendment! • 3.5 million former slaves need to be made full citizens. • Many Southern states try to restrict African- Americans following the war. • Deny them citizenship • Deny voting rights • Ku Klux Klan violence

  3. The Reconstruction Response • 13th Amendment (Dec 6th, 1865) • Abolished slavery! • Civil Rights Act of 1866 & 14th Amendment (July 9th, 1868) • Defined all people born in the United States as U.S. Citizens. • Equal Protection Clause • 15th Amendment (1870) • Made illegal denying any citizen the right to vote based on race/color. • Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Banned discrimination (segregation) in public accommodations. • Hotels, Jury Duty, stores, etc.

  4. Failure of Reconstruction • SCOTUS strikes down most Civil Rights Acts. • Narrowly interpreted the 13th-15th Amendments. • Said Fed. Govt. could not stop individuals from discriminating. • After 1876, U.S. Army stops occupying South. • Southern state govts. start passing Jim Crow Laws • Reconstruction over. Justice Harlan

  5. Jim Crow Laws • De Jure Segregation of Blacks in South from whites. • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • Separate-but-equal discrimination a-okay. • Almost Everything segregated, schools, theatres, trains, bathrooms.

  6. Life for African-Americans • Many reduced to share-cropping • Farming someone else’s land. • Lots of debt, most families are tied to land. • Constant discrimination and intimidation • No legal protection from violence. • No rights. • Options? • Migration. • Stay in South.

  7. African-American Resistance • Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) • Accommodated Jim Crow laws. • Stressed education and economic advancement. • WEB du Bois (1868-1963) • Stressed full political equality had to come first. • Co-founded the NAACP (1909)

  8. African-American Resistance • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909) • Used legal system to achieve civil rights. • World Wars I and II. • Emboldened African-Americans who served as soldiers/worked in factories.

  9. The Civil Rights Movement Begins • 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education • Banned segregation in all public schools.

  10. The Civil Rights Movement Begins • Largely non-violent active resistance. • Challenged legal discrimination. • Provoked responses from segregationists. • Many groups made up the movement. • NAACP • SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) • CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) • Black Panthers (Black Nationalism)

  11. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956) • Inspired by Rosa Parks • Forced South to pay economically for segregation. • Freedom Rides and Freedom Summer (1960-1961) • Northern Whites/Blacks went down to South to help register African-Americans. • March on Washington (1963) • Brought worldwide attention to segregation in the U.S. • Forced Fed. Govt. to react.

  12. CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION • Civil Rights Act 1957 (sept. 9th) • Tried to ban discrimination in voting. • Not very effective. • Civil Rights Act of 1960 • Extended 1957 Act. • Gave federal govt. more inspection powers in voter registration.

  13. CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Outlawed segregation • Cut funding to state govt.’s found encouraging it! • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Banned discriminatory voting practices. • Grandfather clause, poll taxes, etc. • Reinforced by 24th Amendment • Monitored areas of historic discrimination (Article 5)

  14. End of the Civil Rights Movement? • 1964-1968 Movement shifts to economic issues. • MLK jr. tries to focus on Northern ghettoes. • Black Nationalism flares up, White resentment increases. • MLK jr. assassinated (April 4th, 1968) • Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Fair Housing Act • “Prohibited discrimination in housing, renting.”

  15. Early Women’s Rights Movement • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) • Early Women’s Suffrage voting meeting. • Suffrage • “Right to vote gained through Democratic process” Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Frederick Douglass

  16. Early Women’s Rights Movement • Women organize voting rights’ groups. • (1890) National American Women Suffrage Association. • (1919) 19th Amendment passed! No more voting discrimination based on sex.

  17. Youth Voting Rights • Jumping ahead to the Vietnam Era… • 1954-1972 • Men can be drafted at age 18, but cannot vote until 21. • 26th Amendment (July 1st, 1971) • Lowered voting age from 21 to 18.

  18. Modern-Day Civil Rights Movements? • LGBT Worldwide Campaigns, • Marriage Equality? • Ableism/Disability Movements. • Discrimination against those with disabilities.

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