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Overview

Overview. Discuss Test 1 Review Kirchoff's Rules for Circuits Resistors in Series & Parallel RC Circuits. Text Reference: Chapter 27, 28.1-4. Current- a Definition.

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Overview

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  1. Overview • Discuss Test 1 • Review • Kirchoff's Rules for Circuits • Resistors in Series & Parallel • RC Circuits Text Reference: Chapter 27, 28.1-4

  2. Current- a Definition If there is a potential difference between two points then, if there is a conducting path, free charge will flow from the higher to the lower potential. The amount of charge which flows per unit time is defined as the current I, i.e. current is charge flow per unit time. i.e. no longer electrostatics. Current UNIT: Ampere = A = C/s

  3. Devices R I I V UNIT: OHM = W • Resistors: Purpose is to limit current drawn in a circuit. Resistors are basically bad conductors. Actually all conductors have some resistance to the flow of charge. • Resistance • Resistance is defined to be the ratio of the applied voltage to the current passing through.

  4. E I A L The constant of proportionality is called the resistivity Þ Resistivity • Property of bulk matter related to resistance : The flow of charge is easier with a larger cross sectional area, it is harder if L is large. The resistivity depends on the details of the atomic structure whichmakes up the resistor (see chapter 27 in text) eg, for a copper wire, r ~ 10-8W-m, 1mm radius, 1 m long, thenR » .01W

  5. R I I V V slope = R I Ohm's Law • Demo: • Vary applied voltage V. • Measure current I • Does ratio (V/I)remain constant?? Only true for ideal resisitor!

  6. I2 I1 V (c) I1 > I2 (b) I1 = I2 (a) I1 < I2 Lecture 11, CQ 1 • Two cylindrical resistors, R1 and R2, are made of identical material. R2has twice the length of R1 but half the radius of R1. • These resistors are then connected to a battery V as shown: • What is the relation between I1, the current flowing in R1, and I2, the current flowing in R2? • The resistivity of both resistors is the same (r). • Therefore the resistances are related as: • The resistors have the same voltage across them; therefore

  7. We will follow the convention that voltage drops enter with a + sign and voltage gains enter with a - sign in this equation. KVL: e1 R1 e2 R2 e1 R1 e2 I R2 I =0 Kirchoff's First Rule"Loop Rule" or “Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)” "When any closed circuit loop is traversed, the algebraic sum of the changes in potential must equal zero." • This is just a restatement of what you already know: that thepotential difference is independent of path! • RULES OF THE ROAD: Move clockwise around circuit: +e2 -e1 +IR1 +IR2

  8. Kirchoff's Second Rule"Junction Rule" or “Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)” • In deriving the formula for the equivalent resistance of 2 resistors in parallel, we applied Kirchoff's Second Rule (the junction rule). "At any junction point in a circuit where the current can divide (also called a node), the sum of the currents into the node must equal the sum of the currents out of the node." • This is just a statement of the conservation of charge at any given node.

  9. a I R1 b R2 a c Reffective Hence: c Resistorsin Series The Voltage “drops”: Whenever devices are in SERIES, the current is the same through both ! This reduces the circuit to:

  10. I a I1 I2 V R1 R2 I d KVL Þ I a V R I d Þ Þ Resistors in Parallel • What to do? • Very generally, devices in parallel have the same voltage drop • But current through R1 is not I ! Call it I1. Similarly, R2«I2. • How is I related to I1 & I2 ?? Current is conserved!

  11. R1 R4 e1 b f a I I d c e R2 R3 e2 Þ KVL: Þ Loop Demo

  12. 12 V R I 12 V 12 V R (c)I1 > I0 (b)I1 = I0 (a)I1 < I0 Lecture 11, CQ 2 • Consider the circuit shown. • The switch is initially open and the current flowing through the bottom resistor is I0. • Just after the switch is closed, the current flowing through the bottom resistor is I1. • What is the relation between I0 and I1?

  13. 12 V R a I 12 V 12 V R b (c) I1 > I0 (b) I1 = I0 (a) I1 < I0 -12V -12V + I0R + I0R = 0 I0 = 12V/R -12V + I1R = 0 I1 = 12V/R Lecture 11, CQ 2 • Consider the circuit shown. • The switch is initially open and the current flowing through the bottom resistor is I0. • After the switch is closed, the current flowing through the bottom resistor is I1. • What is the relation between I0 and I1? • Write a loop law for original loop: • Write a loop law for the new loop:

  14. 12 V R a I 12 V 12 V R b (c) I1 > I0 (b) I1 = I0 (a) I1 < I0 …or, Lecture 11, CQ 2 • Consider the circuit shown. • The switch is initially open and the current flowing through the bottom resistor is I0. • After the switch is closed, the current flowing through the bottom resistor is I1. • What is the relation between I0 and I1? • The key here is to determine the potential (Va-Vb) before the switch is closed. • From symmetry, (Va-Vb) = +12V. • Therefore, when the switch is closed, NO additional current will flow! • Therefore, the current after the switch is closed is equal to the current after the switch is closed.

  15. Outside loop: e1 R Top loop: I1 I2 e2 R Junction: I3 e3 R Junction Demo

  16. I I a R b C e RC 2RC Ce q 0 t RC Circuits

  17. Overview of Lecture • RC Circuit: Charging of capacitor through a Resistor • RC Circuit: Discharging of capacitor through a Resistor Text Reference: Chapter 27.4, 28.2, 28.6

  18. I I R C e RC Circuits Add a Capacitor to a simple circuit with a resistor Recall voltage “drop” on C? Upon closing circuit Loop rule gives: Recall that Substituting: Differential Equation for q!

  19. Compare with simple resistance circuit • Simple resistance circuit: • Main Feature: Currents are attained instantaneously and do not vary with time!! • Circuit with a capacitor: • KVL yields a differential equation with a term proportional to q and a term proportional toI = dq/dt. • Physically, what’s happening is that the final charge cannot be placedon a capacitor instantly. • Initially, the voltage drop across an uncharged capacitor = 0 because the charge on it is zero ! • As current starts to flow, charge builds up on the capacitor, the voltage drop is proportional to this charge and increases; it then becomes more difficult to add morecharge so the current slows

  20. We have to find q such that is satisfied. or equivalently, Integrationconstant Determinesintegration constant Thus, The differential equation is easy to solve if we re-write in the form: Integrating both sides we obtain, Exponentiating both sides we obtain, If there is no initial charge on C then:

  21. RC 2RC ce Charge on C Max = Ce 63% Max at t=RC q 0 t Current Max = e/R 37% Max at t=RC e/R I 0 t Charging the Capacitor

  22. 1A (c) I0+ = 2e/R (b) I0+ = e/2R (a) I0+ = 0 1B • What is the value of the current I¥ after a very long time? (c) I¥ > 2e/R (b) I¥ = e/2R (a) I¥ = 0 Lecture 12, CQ 1 • At t=0 the switch is thrown from position b to position a in the circuit shown: The capacitor is initially uncharged. • What is the value of the current I0+ just after the switch is thrown?

  23. 1A (c) I0+ = 2e/R (b) I0+ = e/2R (a) I0+ = 0 Lecture 12, CQ 1 • At t=0 the switch is thrown from position b to position a in the circuit shown: The capacitor is initially uncharged. • What is the value of the current I0+ just after the switch is thrown? • Just after the switch is thrown, the capacitor still has no charge, therefore the voltage drop across the capacitor = 0! • Applying KVL to the loop at t=0+, IR + 0 + IR - e = 0ÞI = e /2R

  24. 1A 1B • What is the value of the current I¥ after a very long time? (c) I¥ > 2e/R (b) I¥ = e/2R (a) I¥ = 0 Lecture 12, CQ 1 • At t=0 the switch is thrown from position b to position a in the circuit shown: The capacitor is initially uncharged. • What is the value of the current I0+ just after the switch is thrown? (c) I0+ = 2e/R (b) I0+ = e/2R (a) I0+ = 0 • The key here is to realize that as the current continues to flow, the charge on the capacitor continues to grow. • As the charge on the capacitor continues to grow, the voltage across the capacitor will increase. • The voltage across the capacitor is limited to e; the current goes to 0.

  25. (c) Q2 > 2 Q1 (b) Q2 = 2 Q1 (a) Q2 < 2 Q1 Lecture 12, CQ 2 • At t=0 the switch is thrown from position b to position a in the circuit shown: The capacitor is initially uncharged. • At timet=t1=t, the chargeQ1on the capacitor is (1-1/e) of its asymptotic charge Qf=Ce. • What is the relation betweenQ1andQ2, thecharge on the capacitor at timet=t2=2t? Hint: think graphically!

  26. (c) Q2 > 2 Q1 (b) Q2 = 2 Q1 (a) Q2 < 2 Q1 • The charge q on the capacitor increases with time as: q • At t=0 the switch is thrown from position b to position a in the circuit shown: The capacitor is initially uncharged. • At timet=t1=t, the charge Q1 on the capacitor is (1-1/e) of its asymptotic charge Qf=Ce. • What is the relation between Q1 and Q2 , the charge on the capacitor at time t=t2=2t? • So the question is: how does this charge increase differ from a linear increase? • From the graph at the right, it is clear that the charge increase is not as fast as linear. • In fact the rate of increase is just proportional to the current (dq/dt) which decreases with time. • Therefore, Q2< 2Q1.

  27. I I a R b + + C e - - • Loop theorem Þ Þ RC Circuits(Time-varying currents) • Discharge capacitor: Cinitially charged with Q=Ce Connect switch to b at t=0. Calculate current and charge as function of time. • Convert to differential equation for q:

  28. I I • Discharge capacitor: a R b + + C e - - • Solution: Note that this “guess” incorporates the boundary conditions: Þ ! RC Circuits(Time-varying currents) • Check that it is a solution:

  29. I I • Discharge capacitor: a R b + + C e - - Þ RC Circuits(Time-varying currents) Conclusion: • Capacitor discharges exponentially with time constantt = RC • Current decays from initial max value (= -e/R) with same time constant • Current is found from differentiation:

  30. RC 2RC Ce Charge on C Max = Ce 37% Max at t=RC q 0 t 0 Current Max = -e/R 37% Max at t=RC I -e/R t Discharging Capacitor

  31. (c) (b) (a) Lecture 12, CQ 3 • At t=0 the switch is connected to position a in the circuit shown: The capacitor is initially uncharged. • At t = t0, the switch is thrown from position a to position b. • Which of the following graphs best represents the time dependence of the charge on C?

  32. (c) (b) (a) • At t=0 the switch is connected to position a in the circuit shown: The capacitor is initially uncharged. • At t = t0, the switch is thrown from position a to position b. • Which of the following graphs best represents the time dependence of the charge on C? • For 0 < t < t0, the capacitor is charging with time constant t = RC • For t > t0, the capacitor is discharging with time constant t = 2RC • (a) has equal charging and discharging time constants • (b) has a larger discharging t than a charging t • (c) has a smaller discharging t than a charging t

  33. RC 2RC Ce q 0 t 0 I -e/R t Charging Discharging RC 2RC Ce q 0 t e/R I 0 t

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