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Chapter 20.1

Chapter 20.1. Diversity of Fungi. FUNGI. FUNGI. COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls. Key Concepts:. Fungi are heterotrophs Fungi are the decomposers

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Chapter 20.1

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  1. Chapter 20.1 Diversity of Fungi

  2. FUNGI

  3. FUNGI • COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES: • Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls

  4. Key Concepts: • Fungi are heterotrophs • Fungi are the decomposers • Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes are secreted outside of their body to digest food • Most fungi are multicellular • Fungal spores develop from hyphae • Many fungi are symbionts with other organisms

  5. Characteristics of Fungi • Multicellular • Plant looking • Mushrooms, molds • Single cell • Yeasts • Found in soil, on plants, in humans • Bread, beer, wine • Cause yeast infections in humans Yeast

  6. 3 Major Features 1.Cell walls • Made of Chitin • The same stuff that makes insects’ exoskeleton.

  7. 2. Hyphae • The basic structure of fungi. • Long, thread-like chains of cells. • Grow at the tips and branch… • Mycelium – mass of hyphae

  8. 3. Cross-walls • The wall that divides cells • “septum”

  9. FUNGI • FRUITING BODY • Visible part • Contains spore producing structures • Like a mushroom cap Button

  10. Fungi Nutrition • 3 ways fungi absorb nutrition: • Saprophytic – feed on dead matter • Example – bracket fungi • Parasitic - feed on living organisms and only the parasite benefits from the relationship • Example - ringworm • Mutualistic – both organisms benefit from the relationship • Example - mycorrhizae

  11. Fungi Reproduction • 3 kinds of fungi reproduction: • Budding • Fragmentation • Spore production

  12. Sporophores • The fruiting body of a spore forming fungus Bread Mold

  13. Sporangium • The sac where spores are produced • Protects spores from drying out

  14. Chapter 20.2 Fungi Phyla

  15. 5 Phyla of Fungi • Chytridiomycota - Chytrids • Zygomycota – Common Molds • Ascomycota – Sac Fungi • Basidiomycota – Club Fungi • Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi

  16. PURPLE CORAL FUNGUSClavaria RUBBER CUP FUNGUSSarcosorna SULFUR SHELF FUNGUSPolyporus TRUMPET CHANTARELLECaraterellus SCARLET HOODHygrophorus BIG LAUGHING MUSHROOMGymnophilus

  17. The light red coral Fungus, Ramaria The shelf Fungus, Polyporus

  18. A.ocreata Very poisonous Fly Agaric mushroom, Amanita muscaria Causes hallucinations when eaten.

  19. 1. Phylum Chytridiomycota Mostly marine. Mostly saprophytes. Have flagellated spores.

  20. Mostly terrestrial. Two types of hyphae: Stolons – spread across the surface Rhizoids – digs into the surface 2. Phylum Zygomycota

  21. zygospore (2n) Diploid Stage nuclear fusion meiosis 50 µm Haploid Stage spores (n) Zygospore Spore sac germinating zygospore young zygospore mycelium develops from germinated spore spores (n) gametangia fusing stolon rhizoids ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (mitosis) contact between hyphae of two mating strains

  22. molds

  23. 3. Phylum Ascomycota Most are multicellular except for yeast. Most undergo asexual reproduction. Sac Fungi ascospore (sexual spore)

  24. ascospore (sexual spore) spore sac Morels ascoscarp ascoscarp spore-bearing hypha of this ascoscarp conidia (chains of asexual spores) budding yeast cell

  25. yeasts

  26. 4. Phylum Basidiomycota Major decomposers of wood. Mostly sexual reproduction. Club Fungi

  27. mushrooms

  28. GIANT PUFFBALL

  29. Humongous Fungus (Honey Mushroom)

  30. 5. Phylum Deuteromycota • Asexual Reproduction (sexual reproduction has never been seen) • Imperfect Fungi Ringworm

  31. Chapter 20.3 Ecology of Fungi

  32. Mutualistic Fungi • Some Fungi form Mutualistic relationships with other organisms: • Lichen • Mycorrhizae H i

  33. crustose Lichens Bioindicators Pioneer species Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria) foliose

  34. dispersal fragment (cells of mycobiont and of photobiont) cortex (outer layer of mycobiont) photobionts medulla (inner layer of loosley woven hyphae) cortex Crustose

  35. Old Man’s Beard Usnea – fructicose Leaf-like - foliose Erect branching Lichen Cladonia rangiferina fructicose

  36. Crustose foliose fructicose

  37. Mycorrhizae • Fungi + plant roots • Increases surface area

  38. Molds Penicillium Penicillin Camembert and Roquefort cheeses Aspergillus Soy sauce Soft drinks - citric acid Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bread, wine and beer Candida albicans Infections Fungi

  39. Fungi and Humans • Medical uses: • Penicillin Penicillin

  40. Fungi and Humans • Food: • Morels, truffels, yeast Morel Truffel

  41. Fungi and Humans • Bioremediation – clean the environment.

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