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Computer Organization and Assembly language

Learn about the evolution of computers from vacuum tubes to microprocessors, focusing on Intel's family architecture. Explore the significance of microcontrollers and applications of microprocessors in various fields.

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Computer Organization and Assembly language

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  1. Computer Organization and Assembly language Lecture 3 Evolution of Computers Intel Family Architecture Course Instructor: Aisha Danish

  2. Address bus MAR PC IR Control unit Control bus X Y ACC ALU Data bus What are microprocessors? • A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU) fabricated on a single integrated circuit. A simple microprocessor architecture

  3. Evolution of Computers • First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube • Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor • Third generation (1959-1971) - IC • Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html

  4. Evolution of Computers • First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube IBM 650, 1954 Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html

  5. Evolution of Computers • Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html

  6. Evolution of Computers • Third generation (1959-1971) - IC PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation • Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8 is the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html

  7. ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset Control logic Program counter Instruction decoder ALU Reg. I/O Refresh logic System bus Evolution of Computers • Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor • In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator applications. http://www.intel.com Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Autumn, 1997

  8. P III Pentium P 4 P II 80386 80486 8088 80286 8080 8080 P 4 P III P 4 Pentium P II P II Pentium P III 8088 80386 80386 80486 80386 8088 80486 8088 Pentium 8080 8080 80286 80286 P II P III 80286 P 4 80486 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors Minimum transistor sizes (µm) Number of transistors Clock frequencies (MHz) MIPS

  9. Other Commercial Microprocessors • PowerPC (IBM, Motorola) • Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD) • Crusoe (Transmeta) • SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems) • TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments) • StarCore (Motorola, Agere) • ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines) • MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies) •      

  10. ... Keyboard Monitor Disk Other peripherals ... Bus Micro- processor Timing & control Interrupt control Memory Applications of Microprocessors • Computers • System performance is normally the most important design concern Block diagram of a computer

  11. RAM ROM OSC. CPU I/O port Timer USART Interrupt A/D, D/A Applications of Microprocessors • Microcontrollers • A microcontroller is a simple computer implemented in a single VLSI chip. • In general, microcontrollers are cheap and have low performance • Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial control, automobile and home applications Block diagram of a microcontroller

  12. What is a microprocessor? • Criteria • number of chips • data path • address space • CPU performance • Price • Types of micrprocessor • Application • Reprogrammable microprocessors • embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers • Instruction complexity • CISC • RISC

  13. The 8086 Family The 8086 Microprocessor (1978): −20-bit address bus. −16-bit internal data bus. −16-bit external data bus. −Separate bus interface unit (BIU) and execution unit (EU). −16-bit registers (with the ability to access the high or low 8 bits separately). −Built in hardware multiply and divide instructions. −Support for an external floating-point math coprocessor.

  14. The 8086 Family The 8088 Microprocessor (1979): −20-bit address bus. −16-bit internal data bus. −8-bit external data bus. −Separate bus interface unit (BIU) and execution unit (EU). −16-bit registers (with the ability to access the high or low 8 bits separately). −Built in hardware multiply and divide instructions. −Support for an external floating-point math coprocessor.

  15. The 8086 Family The 80186 & 80188 Microprocessors (1982): −A personal computer (PC) based on the 8086/8088 microprocessors requires several additional chips such as: a clock generator, a programmable timer, a programmable interrupt controller, a direct memory access controller and a circuitry to select the I/O devices. −To simplify the design, Intel introduced the 80186 & 80188 microprocessors. −The 80186/80188 integrates on a single chip an 8086/8088 microprocessor and all the chips mentioned above. −The 80186 & 80188 are often referred to as highintegration processors

  16. The 8086 Family The 80286 Microprocessor (1982): −24-bit address bus. −16-bit internal data bus. −16-bit external data bus. −Designed to be software compatible with 8086 & 80186 microprocessors. −Provides two programming modes: Real Mode Protected Mode

  17. The 8086 Family The 80286 Microprocessor (Real Mode): −The processor function exactly like the 8086 processor. −That is, any 8086 program can be run on a Real Mode 80286 processor without any change. −The 80286 processor uses only its 20 least significant address lines. −So, the memory space is limited to 1 MB

  18. The 8086 Family The 80286 Microprocessor (Protected Mode): −In this mode, the processor supports a multiprogram environment. −It gives each program a predetermined amount of memory. −This uses the full memory space which is 16MB. −This mode is called Protected Mode because several programs can be loaded into memory at once (each in its own segment), but are protected from each other

  19. The 8086 Family The 80386 Microprocessor (1984): −32-bit address bus. −32-bit internal data bus. −32-bit external data bus. −32-bit registers. −Provides three modes: • Real Mode (identical to that of 80286) • Protected Mode (manages 4 GB of memory in a way similar to that of the 80286). • Virtual Mode (similar to Real Mode, except that multiple 8086 processors can run simultaneously

  20. The 8086 Family The 80486 Microprocessor (1989): −32-bit address bus. −32-bit internal and external data bus. −32-bit registers. −On-chip cache (stores the most recently used instructions and data ) −Integrated Floating-Point Unit (FPU) −Real & Protected Modes as in 80386 −Pipelined design

  21. The 8086 Family The Pentium Microprocessor (1993): −32-bit address bus. −32-bit internal −64-bit external data bus. −32-bit registers. −Two instructions pipelines −On-chip cache −Integrated FPU

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