Chapter 2 Roots of Government

1. Chapter 2 Roots of Government pp. 26-60

2. terms: • Limited government • 29 government is restricted and not all-powerful. • Each individual has rights that government cannot take away. • Representative government • 29 people have a voice in what the government should and should not do. • Government of, by, for the people.

3. Roots of Government • Magna Carta • 29 England’s King John forced by nobles and Church to sign in 1215 • Protect them from arbritrary acts of the monarch • Includes • Trial by jury • Due process of law • The monarch does not have absolute power

4. Roots of Government • Petition of Right, 1628 • 30 English Parliament requires that Charles I confer with it and get approval or he could not have funds. • Limits included • King had to follow the law of the land • No arbitary arrest or imprisonment • Jury trial • No martial law in time of peace • No quartering of troops without consent • No taxation w/o Parliamentary consent

5. Roots of Government • English Bill of Rights • 30 1689, new monarch, William had to agree to: • give up a standing army in peacetime • Allow free elections • Monarch may make no laws w/o consent of Parliament • No taxation w/o consent of Parliament • Allow petitions w/o fear of arrest • Allow fair trials • Allow freedom from excessive bail • Allow no cruel or unusual punishment

6. Roots of Government • Charter colonies • 31 Connecticut and Rhode Island were allowed by the monarch to be self-governing. • Bicameral • 31 The legislature had two lawmaking groups in Royal colonies: • Upper house: selected by the monarch • lower house: selected by voting males

7. Roots of Government • Proprietary colonies • 32 run by a private owner: Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. • The owner appointed the governor, not the monarch

8. Toward Independence • Boycott • 37 refusal to buy or sell certain products or services (often for political or social reasons). • American rebels told the people not to buy English goods and make their own. This was illegal. • Popular sovereignty • 39 government has power only because the people allow it to

9. Brief Review 8/14 • What do the Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights all have in Common? (2) • They control the power of the king • They strengthen the power of the popular legislature. • What is the idea called where the government is given its power by the citizens? • Popular sovereignty

10. The Critical Period • Articles of Confederation • 44 1777 The plan that allowed the United States an organized government to fight Britain during the revolution. • States cooperated to fight the British, they allowed the central government to • Borrow money • Post office • Navy • Army from the colonies • Standards of weights and measures • Settle interstate disputes • Make war • Make treaties • Set up a money system

11. EC: The Critical Period • States refused to give up many of their own powers during and after the revolution. • Any changes to the Articles of Confederation needed unanimous agreement by all 13 states. • New national laws required 9 out of 13 states approving • EC: Congress could not (3) • tax • Regulate commerce • Make the states obey any of its laws

12. The Constitution • Virginia Plan • 51 the US government would have three branches • The legislature—Congress—would be bicameral • Lower house would be elected • Upper house would be chosen by the Lower House. • the executive and judiciary chosen by Congress • Congress could force uncooperative states to obey Small states opposed it because they got fewer votes in the legislature.

13. The Constitution’s Keepers • Connecticut Compromise • (The Great Compromise) • 52 Bicameral Congress • Senate = states equal in votes • House of Representatives = states’ votes depend on free population

14. The Constitution’s Keepers • Three-Fifths Compromise • 52 Way to count non-free persons, in states with few free persons

15. EC: Review • Why were Americans so used to expecting democracy? • Ran their many own colonies • Why weren’t the Articles of Confederation effective to run the United States? • The states were not required to obey the national government.

16. The Constitution’s Keepers • Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise • 53 Congress could not • Tax exports • Regulate the slave trade for 20 years • Interfere with migration or importation of slaves • Could impose a small tax

17. Ratification • Federalists • 56 favored ratification of the Constitution • Strong central government • Anti-Federalists • 56 against ratification of the Constitution • Strong state governments • Weak central government • Wanted more religion • Wanted more individual rights

18. Ratification • Quorum • 58 number of delegates required at a vote to make it legal. • George Washington’s election as president, in 1789, was postponed until enough were present to count the electoral votes. • John Adams won the second most votes and became vice president

19. Classwork

20. Chapter 2 pp. 26-60concepts • England’s American Colonies: types of government….. • 31 though different in type, they all were based on basic ideas of English law and governance.

21. Toward Independence • Describe the evolution of the first American government before our actual independence. • 34-7 since 1607, being so far from England, colonial legislatures ran most of the affairs of their people. • After the French and Indian War, (1763), Parliament tried to take control away from them.

22. Toward Independence • EC: Colonies work together for the first time • The Albany Plan of Union was a first effort to get the colonies to work together on trade and security, 1754 • EC: The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought united effort to deal with • the unfair British taxes. • EC: The First Continental Congress, 1774, united delegates to petition the King and Parliament for • fairness and representation.

23. Toward Independence • After shooting had started with the British, in 1775, the Second Continental Congress united the colonial delegates to declare their independence and make plans to fight the British military. • The Second Continental Congress is therefore the first national government of what will be called the United States of America. • EC: The Continental Congress was a federation or a confederation? • Confederation.

24. Ideals listed in the Declaration of Independence • 38 all men are created equal • EC: Born with unalienable rights (3) • Life • Liberty • Pursuit of happiness • Governments serve men to protect those rights • A government that fails the people may be changed or abolished.

25. The Constitution • EC: What were two big issues at the US Constitutional Convention in 1787? • State representation • Big states v. small states • Counting slaves for representation • Limited Government • Separation of powers

26. What were the reasons for the writing and signing of the Declaration of Independence? • EC 38 first they wanted to • describe the ideal principles of free people anywhere. • EC Next, they wanted to • list complaints against the monarchy of Britain showing how the king had acted against the free people and tried to enslave them • EC Finally, they wanted to declare before the world that • they had tried to work with their government fairly, and had no other choice but to leave it.

27. Toward Independence • EC: What is the most common feature of state constitutions? • 39 the most common feature is limited government, • EC: Other commonalities include (3) • Popular sovereignty. • Civil rights and liberties • Separation of powers/checks and balances

28. Mount Vernon and Annapolis Meetings (1785, 1786) • 46 The meetings brought up issues with the national government that made leaders feel the need to do what?: • This would lead to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

29. What influenced the framers of the Constitution? • EC 48 Writings by European Enlightenment thinkers (4) • John Locke • Voltaire • Baron de Montesquieu • Jean Jacques Rousseau • Ideas from the Articles of Confederation • State constitutions

30. Ben Franklin’s opinion of the US Constitution • Though 81, and very ill, he managed to attend a few meetings. p. 35 he spoke of the need to be strongly united and in agreement against an enemy like Britain.

31. E/W, p. 29 • How might the right to petition, first granted in the English Bill of Rights, prevent abuse of power by a monarch? • Without the basic rights established by the Magna Carta and later English bills, the idea of restricted government might not evolve.

32. 6, p. 39 • Why did the first state constitutions share several common features? • They were all based on the ideals that had united the states in their fight for independence. • Limited government • What was the colonial slogan about limited government? EC • “No taxation without representation!” • All the colonies were English to begin with.

33. 6, p. 45 • “The thirst for independence made the new states wary of strong central government” -- text • How is this caution reflected in the weaknesses built into the US Articles of Confederation? • The Articles do not provide for any elements of a strong central government, including…. • An executive • The power to tax • Regulating commerce

34. 12 p. 49 • EC: The Framers (not their names) • The delegates sent by the states to create a Constitution. • What backgrounds did the selected framers share? • Law • Agriculture • Business • politics

35. The Constitution • The New Jersey Plan, like the Virginia Plan, pointed out one major worry: • how will states be represented? • Population? • Financial power? • Equality?

36. R, p. 52 • US Slavery, 1790, • Why did the southern states want slaves counted in their states’ total population? • Slave-owning states could have a higher number of representatives. • A tax was imposed for every “other person” so counted.

37. The Federalist (Papers) • Powerful arguments about the Constitution written in New York by • Alexander Hamilton, • James Madison, • and John Jay.