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Expert Group 1 on Microwave technologies - Overview of the work and results

Expert Group 1 on Microwave technologies - Overview of the work and results. Working for DG TREN in support of the Comit é T é l é p é age June 2005. Context and scope of the work. Context: EFC Directive 2004/52/EC Work on the European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) definition

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Expert Group 1 on Microwave technologies - Overview of the work and results

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  1. Expert Group 1 on Microwave technologies - Overview of the work and results Working for DG TREN in support of the Comité Télépéage June 2005

  2. Context and scope of the work • Context: • EFC Directive 2004/52/EC • Work on the European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) definition • Expert Group 1 on microwave technologies • Established by DG TREN • Analyze concepts and microwave DSRC technologies at 5.8 GHz to be used for the EETS • 6 experts selected • Jorge Conçalves (ViaVerde/BRISA, PT) • Jesper Engdahl (Lead, Rapp Trans, CH) • Trond Foss (SINTEF, NO) • Paolo Giorni (Autostrade per l’Italia, IT) • Bernard Lamy (CSSI, FR) • Wilhelm Melchers (TÜV Rheinland Group, DE) Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  3. Scope of the work Key task: investigate concepts and their suitability for the EETS at 5.8 GHz • Common DSRC stack and EFC application • Multi-protocol OBU: more than one DSRC stack or/and EFC application supported by the OBU • Multi-protocol RSE: more than one DSRC stack or/and EFC applications supported by the RSE • Dynamically configurable OBU: the "EFC application" is downloaded whenever "entering" a new EFC domain Not part of the assignment: • Charging transaction requirements • DSRC communication requirements specification • Urban road user charging requirements • Integration of the OBU into the vehicle ( EG 6) • “Interface” to other in-vehicles EFC technologies X Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  4. Overall approach • Overview of the European EFC state-of-affairs • Appraisal of the Italian Telepass Specifications • Completeness and consistency - support an open vendor market? • Technical interoperability using DSRC at 5.8 GHz • What does it means • Principles approaches • Guiding principles • Concepts • Elaboration of concepts for allocation of interoperability capabilities between the OBU and RSE • Analyses • Operational and technical • Financial analysis • Overall reflections and recommendations Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  5. Background – European EFC 5.8 GHz state-of-affairs Two main EFC 5.8 GHz technologies are deployed in Europe: • The European standard EFC 5.8 GHz technology is based on the CEN / ETSI Standards for DSRC • The Telepass technology, based upon UNI-10607 standard, is deployed in the nation-wide Italian EFC system Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  6. Appraisal of the Italian Telepass specs (2) • European RF regulations • UNI-10607 infringes the European frequency band requirements  installation of "UNI-10607 compliant RSEs” not be compliant with European RF regulations (A-deviation allows for operation in Italy) • Compatibility between the European and Italian DSRC ought to be clarified (co-existence or dual mode RSEs) • The ETSI standard associated with Telepass, including the unwanted emission and spurious emission limits, probably needs updating to reflect the R&TTE Directive • Description of Telepass operational constraints is lacking • The identified issues need to be resolved • The Telepass specifications are being / have been revised • The revised specifications will be analysed (by EG 8) Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  7. Autopass Toll-Collect Via Verde Telepass TIS EETS EUROPPASS EFC DSRC interoperability • Principle approaches to technical interoperability • to update the RSEs providing them with additional application and communication capabilities to handle the existing and mixed population of OBUs, or Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  8. EETS OBU EFC DSRC interoperability • Principle approaches to technical interoperability • to update the RSEs providing them with additional application and communication capabilities to handle the existing and mixed population of OBUs, or • to define a new “enhanced OBU” that supports all existing RSEs in Europe, or Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  9. EFC DSRC interoperability • Principle approaches to technical interoperability • to update the RSEs providing them with additional application and communication capabilities to handle the existing and mixed population of OBUs, or • to define a new “enhanced OBU” that supports all existing RSEs in Europe, or • to agree on a common European solution that is associated with the ETTS that should be supported by all RSEs and OBUS in Europe, not precluding the OBUs and RSEs to support additional services locally at their own discretion Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  10. Interoperability: guiding principles (1) • The principles of the interoperable electronic toll service (EETS) as defined in Directive 2004/52/EC • The DSRC 5.8 GHz transaction for EFC charging associated with the EETS is based on central account charging • The subsidiarity principle: • Each Member State, and/or operator remains free to define tariff and local vehicle classes. The OBU shall contain the minimum set of vehicle characteristics • Local and national charging schemes are permitted to continue alongside the EETS. Additional (toll) services and features may be offered by the Operators as long as these do not compromise the EETS Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  11. Interoperability: guiding principles (2) • All users, whatever their country of origin, must be treated equally within a Member State • Users are free to take advantage of the local and/or European service, i.e. subscribing to the EETS remains a voluntary act for the "clients" • The EETS service should be cost-effective to introduce, operate and maintain • The EETS ensures data integrity, authentication and access protection of sensitive user data suitable for a European multi-operator environment Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  12. Common DSRC stack and EFC application (concept 1) • OBU supports the common DSRC stack and EFC application • RSE supports the common DSRC stack and EFC application Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  13. Multi-protocol OBU (concept 2) • OBU supports more than one DSRC stack and/or EFC application • RSE supports one of the OBU’s DSRC stack and EFC application Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  14. Dual DSRC stacks / Common EFC application (2a) • OBU supports Dual DSRC stacks (CEN + UNI-10607) / Common EFC application (e.g. CARDME) • RSE supports one of the OBU’s DSRC stack + Common EFC application Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  15. Dual DSRC stacks / Dual EFC applications (2b) • OBU supports Dual DSRC stacks (CEN + UNI-10607) / Dual EFC applications (e.g. CARDME + UNI-10607) • RSE supports one of the OBU’s protocols (DSRC stack + EFC application) Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  16. Multi-protocol RSE (3) • OBU supports one of the RSE’s protocols (DSRC stack + EFC application) • RSE supports multiple-DSRC stack or/and EFC applications Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  17. Dynamically configurable OBU (Concept 4) • Different EFC applications in Europe • OBU: dynamically configurable OBU, dual DSRC stacks (CEN and UNI-10607) • RSE supports “local” EFC application and one DSRC stack (CEN or UNI-10607) Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  18. Concepts – Summary (1) Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  19. Concepts – Summary (2) Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  20. Concepts – Summary (3) Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  21. Operational and technical evaluation • Built around the so-called “Qualitative Evaluation Model • Different concepts are compared with one another • Each concept is compared with all the other concepts, by evaluation of each individual parameter. • Different parameters are assigned weights and values, and are motivated by a rationale. • The latter provide a sensitivity check of the analysis and how stable the overall analysis are against changes in the scoring of individual parameters. • The sum of the analysis of the concepts and associated parameters provides an overall quantitative technical and operational evaluation Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  22. Operational and technical evaluation - Results Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  23. Financial analysis • EG1 produced detailed financial analysis for different market development scenarios • Total cost largely depends on assumed costs of the relevant parameters => non-conclusive results • OBU cost reflections • Free market dynamics require 3-4 independent vendors • Inexpensive OBUs are based on high-volume design (ASIC) and manufacturing process • Min volume for a vendor to design a new OBU product / adapt the production is typically 300k-500 k units for "in-house technology" (investment appr. 1.5 Mio EUR). • Min volume for a product that is based on new technology is 1-2 Mio units (invest appr. 2.5 Mio EUR) • Monolithic OBU production unit cost : 10-15 EUR (@500 k units; complex HMI => increase50-100%) • OBU price : production cost * 1.5 Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  24. Overall reflections (1) • The guiding principles ought to form part of the basis of the EETS at 5.8 GHz • "Common DSRC stack and EFC application“ (concept 1) appears attractive, in particular from a technical and operational point of view • "Dual DSRC stacks (CEN and UNI-10607) / Common EFC application" (concept 2a) appears similarly attractive to concept 1 from an operational point of view, • once the issues associated with the Telepass DSRC specifications have been resolved and • if a fair (chipset and OBU) vendor market can be ensured. Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  25. Overall reflections (2) • "Dual DSRC stacks (CEN and UNI-10607) / Dual EFC applications" (concept 2b) seems less attractive from an operational and maintenance point of view, consiering the personalisation of OBUs and the secure handling of security keys • Multi-protocol RSE (concept 3) is associated with significant adaptations of RSE throughout Europe. This concept is not deemed suitable as part of the EETS • Dynamically configurable OBU (concept 4) using e.g. GPRS for downloading of the "EFC application” appears not only technically challenging but also seems arduous to operate. This concept is not deemed mature enough to be viable for the 5.8 GHz service. Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

  26. Recommendations EG1 recommends the following future work to be undertaken (regardless of retained concept) to develop the EETS at 5.8 GHz: • Competitive and fair EETS business model, including conditions and measures that aim to ensure that the "EETS (5.8 GHz) specification" have no discriminatory effect • Security framework including key management • Technical specification of the EETS at 5.8 GHz, e.g. through referencing to the appropriate standards / specifications, after agreement on the principles and the concept that form the basis for such a service specification • OBU distribution concept Report of Expert Group 1 on Microwave Technologies

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