Virsuses: Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome & Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

1. Virsuses:Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome& Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

2. Outline • Introductory Comments • Virus versus bacteria • Examples of DNA and RNA containing viruses • How RNA containing viruses can replicate • Origins of HIV • Dr. Hahn and colleagues • Characteristics of HIV Particle • Glycoproteins • Viral genes • Laboratory Diagnostic Tests • PCR • Western Blot • ELISA • -------------------------------------------------- Part 2 ------------------------- • Treatment • Transmission • Prevention

3. Bacteria versus Viruses

4. Note: These STDs are bacterial infections! • SYPHILIS • Bacterium: Treponema pallidum • GONORRHEA • Bacterium: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

5. Viruses • DNA containing • RNA containing

6. DNA containing viruses • Herpes virus • Small pox virus • Hepatitis B • adenovirus

7. RNA containing viruses • Hepatitis A and C • Rabies • Ebola • Measles • Mumps • Polio • HIV Rabies virus Measles on the back

8. RETROVIRAL REPLICATION

9. HIV

10. T lymphocyte in green and HIV in red

11. LYTIC STAGE

13. Budding of HIV from T lymphocyte HIV HIV

14. Co-Receptors Binds naturally occurring chemokines CCR5 or CXCR4 (fusin)

15. HOST CELLS:helper T lymphocyte, macrophages HIV and helper T cells HIV-1 http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animation__hiv_replication.html

16. HIV Glycoproteins • Lipid Bilayer contains glycoproteins • Gp 160 • Gp 120 • Gp 41

17. HIV: Structure and mechanism of replication

18. HIV-1 PARTICLE

19. Dr. Beatrice Hahn & colleagues: Drs. Li and Keele http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2009/12/8212/beatrice-hahn-discusses-gombe-national-park-chimp-research-and-origin-ai

20. Africa Americas China (southeast) Europe India Japan Thailand A;D;C B C B C B E “Predominant Subtypes of Group M”

21. Greater spot nose monkey Red Cap Mangabey monkey SIV cpz almost identical to HIV 1 Humans

22. Pan troglodytes troglodytes Simian Virus (SIV cpz) almost identical to HIV 1

23. Sooty mangabey monkey Simian Virus corresponds to HIV2

24. Mechanism of Infection Infects Th cell VIRAL RNA Integrates into host DNA “activated” PROVIRAL DNA LYTIC STAGE storage LYSOGENIC STAGE

25. The key HIV genes

26. ELISA LAB • We will now move to the ELISA lab but will return to review the principles of the ELISA as well as other HIV based clinical tests.

27. HIV Diagnostic Tests • Western Blot • PCR Directly measures HIV

28. Polymerase Chain Reaction • Measures proviral DNA within the host DNA

29. Western Blot Identifies HIV proteins Protein ladder

30. HIV Diagnostic Tests • ELISA • (we have discussed this in lab) Indirect evidence of HIV exposure

31. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) • A diagnostic test for Antibodies to HIV Antibodies

32. *Antibodies are proteins produced by our immune system that are directed against specific antigens.(Antibody interactions with antigens will also be discussed in our “immungenetics lecture”)

33. Antibodies Antigens Immune system Non-self

34. Now apply these concepts to the diagnostic test known as ELISA to detect antibodies against HIV from a biologic fluid.

35. Do any of these individuals carry antibodies to HIV?

36. ELISA MICROTITER PLATES Microtiter plate

38. The ELISA protocol sample Labelled 2nd Ab antigen 3 2 1 4 Color inducing substrate

39. Results POSITIVE ANTI-HIV COLOR CHANGE NEGATIVE ANTI-HIV NO COLOR CHANGE

42. FDA Approves Saliva OraQuick Rapid Test for HIV-1, HIV-2 Antibodies[March 29, 2004] (similar test is also available for blood samples, see next slides).

43. 1 2 OraQuick Rapid Anti-HIV Blood Test 20 minute test Cost app. $15.00 3