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How are living things classified?

How are living things classified?. Part One. What is classification? Phylogeny Binomial Nomenclature Dichotomous Keys. What is classification?. Whenever you place similar items together, you are classifying them. Look at the images on the next page. What do they have in common?

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How are living things classified?

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  1. How are living things classified?

  2. Part One • What is classification? • Phylogeny • Binomial Nomenclature • Dichotomous Keys

  3. What is classification? • Whenever you place similar items together, you are classifying them. • Look at the images on the next page. • What do they have in common? • How many different ways can you divide these flying things into groups? • Choose a method to classify these objects. Start with 2 headings and then subdivide each group.

  4. Phylogeny • The evolutionary relationships between organisms. • Used today to classify organisms into 6 Kingdoms: • Plantae (Plants) –complex multicellular cells, autotrophic (make own food) by photosynthesis • Animalia (Animals) – complex multicellular cells, heterotrophic (eat other organisms) • Fungi – complex multicellular cells, decomposer, ex. Mushrooms, mold, & mildew-heterotrophs • (Protistia) Protists– complex unicellular, ex. Algae, some are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic • Archaebacteria – one celled, live in extreme environments –autotrophic by chemosythesis • Eubacteria – one celled, most bacteria-some autotrophic and some heterotrophic

  5. Classification by Phylogeny Domain Kingdoms Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Pneumonic Device: Did King Phillip count only five green socks?

  6. Domain is the largest category: Archaea, Bacteria, or Eukarya • Kingdom is the next largest category and then it gets subdivided into smaller and smaller groups. • Species is the smallest group - only organisms that are the same species and can mate & produce fertile offspring

  7. How does all of this work?

  8. Questions • Which two organisms on the previous slide are most closely related? • Which are more closely related, the horse and cockroach or horse and elephant?

  9. Binomial Nomenclature • Two word naming system. The first word is the genus. A genus is a group of similar species. The second word is the species. • Example: Maple trees are in the genus Acer. There are many kinds of maple trees, so they have a species name also. • Acer rubrum – Red Maple • Acer saccharum – Sugar Maple

  10. Why do we use Binomial Nomenclature? • Helps avoid mistakes. • Example: Lizards Desert Iguana (Disposaurus doralis) (Seaman) Green Iguana (Iguana Iguana) (Myska)

  11. Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are classified together. • Question: Look at the names of these organisms. Which are more closely related? • Panthera onca jaguar • Lynx rufus bobcat • Panthera tigris tiger • Puma concolor cougar

  12. Gives descriptive information about the species. • Example: Acer rubrum – Red Maple. Rubrum is Latin for red. • Allows information about organisms to be easily organized into books, pamphlets, etc.

  13. Question List, in order, the 8 categories used to classify a single organism?

  14. Dichotomous Keys • Detailed list of identifying characteristics and scientific names

  15. Part Two – A closer look into the Animal Kingdom

  16. Phyla of the Animal Kingdom • Annelida • Arthropoda • Chordata • Cnidaria • Echinodermata • Mollusca • Nematoda • Porifera

  17. Phylum Annelida • Bilateral symmetry • Uniformly segmented body • Parapodia – fleshy “legs” • Bristles • Examples: earthworms, bristle worms, leeches

  18. Phylum Annelida Bristle Worm (Read)

  19. Phylum Arthropoda Bilateral symmetry Segmented body Hard exoskeleton Jointed legs Examples: insects, spiders, crustaceans

  20. Phylum Arthropoda (Sparks, 2007) (NOAA, 2005) (FreeDigitalPhotos.net, no date)

  21. Phylum Chordata • Bilateral symmetry • Have or had a tail • Notochord • Embryonic gill slits • Examples: vertebrates, sea squirts

  22. Phylum Chordata (Elasmodiver.com, no date) (Fireflower Systems Limited, no date) (Hicker, 2008)

  23. Phylum Cnidaria • Radial symmetry • Ring of tentacles around mouth • Stinging cells • Examples: jellyfish, sea anemones, coral (Muller, 2001)

  24. Phylum Cnidaria (Chpt. 10) (BBC)

  25. Phylum Echinodermata • Five part radial symmetry • Tube feet • Spiny skin • Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars

  26. Phylum Echinodermata (Zubi, 2005) (Zubi, 2003) (Ditchburn, no date)

  27. Phylum Mollusca • Bilateral symmetry • Have or had a shell • Soft bodied with a muscular “foot” • Examples: snails, slugs, bivalves, squid, octopus

  28. Phylum Mollusca (Huston, no date) (Xylem Elements, 2008) (Zander, 2007)

  29. Phylum Nematoda • Bilateral symmetry • Round, unsegmented body • Cuticle • Example: round worms, hook worms, pin worms

  30. Phylum Nematoda (Myers, 2001)

  31. Phylum Porifera • Asymmetrical or radial symmetry • Have many pores • Made up of a group of cells that have aggregated but do not form tissues • Example: Sponges

  32. (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2002) Phylum Porifera

  33. Follow-up Questions • Sketch an organism with bilateral symmetry and one with radial symmetry. Draw the lines of symmetry over your sketch. • Which of the following is an animal? • Mushroom • Spider • Maple tree • Bacteria

  34. Useful Websites • Visual of types of symmetry http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article//arthropods_04

  35. Sources • BBC. Coral. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/pictures/galleries/newsid_1842000/1842534.stm • Chpt. 10: Sponges, Cnidarians, & Worms. Jellyfish. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://ez002.k12.sd.us/Chapter%20Ten%20Science.htm • Daniel, L., Ortleb, E., Feather, R.M., Rillero, P., Leach Snyder, S., & Zike, D. (2005). Indiana Science: Grade 7. New York: Glencoe. • Ditchburn, Derrick. (no date). Sea urchin shell. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.dereila.ca/dereilaimages/Marine.html • Elasomodiver.com. (no date). Sea Squirt. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.elasmodiver.com/BCMarinelife/BCML%20Urochordata.htm • Fireflower Systems Limited. (no date). Mountain Goat. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.fireflower.ca/page_envi_case2.php?lang=en • FreeDigitalPhotos.net. (no date). Butterfly. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/details.php?gid=63&sgid=&pid=202 • Indiana’s Academic Standards Resource. (2003). That’s Classified. Indiana Department of Education. 171-176. • Hicker, Rolf. (2008). Bald Eagle. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.travel.hickerphoto.com/bird_watching_eagles.jsp • Huston, Turner. Squid. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://students.umf.maine.edu/~hustontf/squid.html • Jaikaran, S. (2007). SpongebobSquarepants. Online Image. Message posted to http://www.shivanjaikaran.com/blog/?m=200707 • Missouri Botanical Garden. (2002). Sponge. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/animals/sponges.htm

  36. Sources • Muller, Michael. (2001). Animal Diversity: Form and Function. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/animaldiversity.htm • Myers, P. (2001). Nematoda 1 & 2. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nematoda.html • Myska, Petr. (no date). Green Iguana. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.vivanatura.org/Iguana%20iguana%20ExtraPhotos.html • NOAA (2005). Crab. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/islands01/log/sep29/media/crab.html • Read, Geoffrey. (no date). Bristle Worm. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/SeaLife/MarineAnimalsWithoutBackbones/3/ENZ-Resources/Standard/1/en • Seaman, Richard. (no date). Desert Iguana. Online Image. Retrieved from http://www.richard-seaman.com/Reptiles/Usa/Nevada/ValleyOfFire/index.html • Secondary Science Program: Rhode Island College. (No date). The Six Kingdoms. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm • Sparks, Matthew. (2007). Bee. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/05/bigcity_bees.php • Xylem Elements. (2008). Slug. Online Image. Message posted to http://www.xylemelements.com/blog/?m=200803 • Zander, Jon. (2007). Bivalve. Online Image. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Unknown_Bivalve.JPG • Zubi, Teresa. (2003). Seastar. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.starfish.ch/c-invertebrates/seesterne.html • Zubi, Teresa. (2005). Sea Urchin. Online Image. Retrieved August 6, 2008 from http://www.starfish.ch/c-invertebrates/seesterne.html

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