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Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

Classification of Living Things Chapter 18. http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg. TAXONOMY.

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Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

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  1. Classification of Living ThingsChapter 18 http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

  2. TAXONOMY _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers?__________________________How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to? CHARACTERISTICS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

  3. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago. ARISTOTLE (300 B.C.) Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

  4. By: Riedell Aristotle’s system ANIMALS: PLANTS: Based on size of stem Based on where they lived

  5. Problems? 1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s 2 groups (plants or animals) Ex: Bacteria Fungi Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpg http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg

  6. Problems? Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! 2. Common names can be misleading Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg

  7. Problems? 3. Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

  8. Problems? 4. Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

  9. Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

  10. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles” PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! Names don’t show relationships between different animals

  11. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) MORPHOLOGY (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

  12. Linnaeus’s System HIERARCHY Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________ SCIENTIFIC NAME

  13. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  14. Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  15. Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

  16. Kidspiration by Riedell

  17. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2 name naming system) • 1st name = _______________ • Always capitalized GENUS NAME SPECIES IDENTIFIER • 2nd name = _________________ • Always lower case UNDERLINED • Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. ITALICS

  18. Binomial Nomenclature Vampire batDesmodus rotundus Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

  19. Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

  20. So what do we use now? MODERN TAXONOMY Still use Linnaeus’s system: but we have added more _____________ KINGDOMS Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.

  21. Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

  22. MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ Evolution http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg

  23. MODERN TAXONOMY • Scientists use different kinds of info • to classify organisms: • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ Fossil record Morphology Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & proteins)

  24. 1. FOSSIL RECORD We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record. Evolutionary history = _____________ PHYLOGENY http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

  25. 2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

  26. MORPHOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS _________________ characteristics: same embryological origin (may have similar structure and function) EX: __________________________ Bat wing & human arm Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________. Recent common ancestor

  27. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html Bat wing and human arm develop from same embryonic structures

  28. MORPHOLOGY ______________ characteristics:may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin EX: _______________________ ANALOGOUS Bird wing & butterfly wing ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately.Organisms ________________________. NOT CLOSELY RELATED

  29. ANALOGOUSSTRUCTURES Bird wing and butterfly wing have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html Insects and birds NOT closely related! http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg

  30. Even differences show relatedness amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions

  31. 3. EMBRYOLOGY Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

  32. 4. CHROMOSOMES Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

  33. Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Even differences show relatedness Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

  34. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE ____________________ All chromosomes have special sequences called TELOMERES at their ends to protect the strands during replication. http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html

  35. 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE → Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. → → http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

  36. EXTRA CENTROMERE _________________ Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. Which chromosomes? → http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

  37. BANDING PATTERN MATCHES ________________________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2 http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

  38. 5. MACROMOLECULES Compare molecules like _________________ _________________ Organisms with similar sequences are probably more closely related. PROTEINS (amino acids) DNA See page 334-335

  39. So what do we use now? _________________-based on multiple kinds of evidence 6 KINGDOMS Protista Animalia Eubacteria Archaebacteria Plantae Fungi Shows evolutionary relationships based on: Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

  40. 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM These relationships can be shown in a diagram called a _______________________ PHYLOGENETIC TREE Image from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

  41. So what do we use now? OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM: _____________ CLADISTICS Shows evolutionary relationships based on: _____________________________ “shared derived characters”

  42. CLADISTICS CLADOGRAM Cladistic relationships are shown in a diagram called a_________________ Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

  43. So what do we use now? 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Group organisms based on the kind of ______________ they have RIBOSOMES

  44. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

  45. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationship of major taxa. (APPLICATION) • Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera • Phyla Examples: invertebrates, vertebrates, divisions of plants

  46. Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors

  47. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.3A. Students are able to explain how gene expression regulates cell growth and differentiation. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: Tissue formation Development of new cells from original stem cells 9-12.L.1.5A. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of domains. (SYNTHESIS) Examples:eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes

  48. Kidspiration by RiedellImage sources: see end of show

  49. Image Sources http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html http://www.gifs.net http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/ http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif

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