APUSH Review: The Final Exam Review, 2014 Edition Part II

1. www.Apushreview.com APUSH Review: The Final Exam Review, 2014 Edition Part II (Hopefully) Everything You Need To Know To Succeed On May 14, 2014

2. What is it? • Rebuilding the nation after the Civil War • Presidential vs. Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction: • Presidential was much more lenient (10% loyalty oaths, adoption of 13th amendment) • Radical was harsh on the South – divided into 5 zones • 13th Amendment: • Made slavery illegal • 14th Amendment: • Granted citizenship to blacks • Equal protection for citizens • Former Confederate officers could not hold state or federal office • 15th Amendment: • Granted suffrage for blacks • South found loopholes: poll taxes, literacy tests, etc. • Scalawags: • Southerners that favored Reconstruction • Carpetbaggers: • Northerners that moved South during Reconstruction • Force Acts: • Passed in response to KKK, Federal troops used to quell KKK Reconstruction

3. Black Codes: • Regulated affairs of African Americans; conditions similar to slavery • Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: • Disliked by Radical Republicans • Impeached (not removed) for violating the Tenure of Office Act • What ended Reconstruction? • Compromise of 1877 • The compromise settled the disputed 1876 election • Hayes (Republican) became President • ENDED MILITARY RULE IN THE SOUTH! • Southerner appointed to cabinet Reconstruction

4. What is it? • Term coined by Mark Twain • Although things looked great on the surface, there were many societal issues • Huge gap between the rich and poor • Business during the Gilded Age: • Growth of monopolies • Carnegie Steel, Rockefeller Oil, etc. • Vertical integration: owning all aspects of a business from beginning to end – Carnegie • Horizontal integration: owning all businesses in an industry – monopoly (later illegal) • How did the rich justify their wealth? • Social Darwinism • The Gospel of Wealth – Andrew Carnegie • President Grant’s Scandals: • Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring • Boss Tweed: • Leader of the Tammany Hall (Democratic) political machine • Stole over $200 million • Later caught in part due to Thomas Nast’s political cartoons • Pendleton Act (1883) – passed in response to the assassination of James Garfield. Required a civil service exam for government jobs The Gilded Age

5. Unions during the Gilded Age: • Knights of Labor – allowed skilled AND unskilled • AFL – allowed skilled workers only • Samuel Gompers – 8 hour work day, collective bargaining • Immigrants were hard to unionize (language barrier), disliked by workers, liked by employers • Often hired as strike breakers or “scabs” • Strikes during the Gilded Age: • When in doubt, strikes occurred because of wage cuts • Government almost always sided with the owners • Great RR Strike – 1877, Homestead – 1892, and Pullman - 1894 • Haymarket Square Riot – 1886: • Turned violent, led to the demise of the Knights of Labor • Important laws during the Gilded Age: • Interstate Commerce Act (1887): • Created the ICC, meant to regulate RR industry • Was an attempt to appease farmers • Was not very effective early on • Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890): • Purpose was to break up monopolies • In practice, this was used to break up unions The Gilded Age Continued

6. Westward expansion: • Dates back to LA Purchase (1803) • Government helped encourage westward expansion • Homestead Act (1862) – provided 162 acres to settlers • Transcontinental RR – Completed in 1869, government helped subsidize through loans and free land • As Americans moved further west, they encroached on Native American land • Buffalo almost became extinct • A Century of Dishonor – Helen Hunt Jackson • Wrote about the plight of Natives at the hands of the US government • Dawes Act (1887): • Meant to assimilate or “Americanize” Native Americans • Children sent to boarding schools, Natives converted to Christianity • Ghost Dance: • Native American ritual envisioned the return of Buffalo and the removal of whites • Led to….. • Wounded Knee Massacre – 100s of Natives were killed by US Army • 1890 Census: • Frontier line no longer existed: • Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis argued that the frontier helped promote an American identity • “Safety-valve” no longer existed The West

7. The Grange: • Provided social and economic opportunities for FARMERS • Sought to end monopolies in RR, wanted government ownership of businesses • Populist Party • Absorbed some ideas from farmers • Omaha Platform (written by Ignatius Donnelly) • Free and unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16:1; agraduated income-tax (redistribute wealth); Gov’t ownership of the telephone and telegraph, and railroads; Initiative, referendum and recall; Postal savings banks (safe repository run by gov’t); Direct election of senators • Panic of 1893 Causes: • Overspeculation, Stock-market crash, Overproduction • Results: • Gov’t repeals Sherman Silver Act • Coxey’s Army: • Advocated a public works program, marched a group of unemployed individuals to Washington • Broken up by police • Free Silver: • Having silver back the value of the dollar at a ratio of 16:1 • Would favor famers and debtors – easier to pay off debt • William Jennings Bryan • Won Democratic nomination in 1896; great orator; Challenged McKinley • Cross of Gold • "We will answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them: ‘You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” Populism

8. Who were Progressives? • Women, members of the Middle-Class, and people that lived in urban areas • Wanted to find solutions to the problems of society • Progressives also carried ideas over from the Populist Era (farmers) • Direct election of senators, railroad regulation, secret ballot, income tax • Muckrakers: • Journalists that wanted to expose scandal, corruption, and societal ills • Mass circulation of newspapers • Famous Journalists? • Upton Sinclair – The Jungle • Helped lead to the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act • Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives • Photographs that exposed poor living conditions for immigrants in NYC • Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of Cities • Exposed corruption between city (municipal) government and businesses • Ida Tarbell: • Wrote about the harsh treatment of other businesses by Standard Oil Company • Frank Norris – The Octopus • Wrote about Railroad corruption • 2 important Progressives to know: • Robert La Follette: • Governor of Wisconsin • Direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall (state reforms) • Jane Addams: • Founder of the Hull House in Chicago • Aided women, children, and immigrants The Progressive Era

9. African Americans were left out of government reforms during the Progressive Era • W.E.B. Du Bois: • Demanded immediate end to segregation • Helped form the NAACP • Ida B. Wells-Barnett: • Advocated an end to lynching • Progressive Amendments: • 16th: Graduated Income Tax • 17th: Direct Election of Senators • Senators previously were elected by state legislatures • 18th: Prohibition • Influenced by WCTU • 19th: Women’s Suffrage • Alice Paul • Social Gospel: • Protestant Church movement to help poor • Roosevelt: • Square Deal - Conservation, regulated trusts – good v. bad, consumer protection • Helped settle the Anthracite Coal Mine labor dispute • Wilson: • New Freedom – eliminating all trusts, lowering tariffs (Underwood), Federal Reserve Act • Important Progressive Acts: • Hepburn – regulated RR industry • Clayton Antitrust Act – exempted unions from prosecution The Progressive Era Continued

10. Spanish American War: • Causes: • Alfred T. Mahan • Author of “Influence of Sea Power Upon History” • Yellow Journalism • Exaggeration of stories to sell newspapers • Hearst and Pulitzer • USS Maine • US ship stationed in Cuba, mysteriously blew up • De Lome Letter • Written by a Spanish minister • Trash talked McKinley • Yellow Journalism • American public demanded war • Why was the US imperializing? • Need for raw materials, $ for businesses • Anti-Imperialist League • Mark Twain, Presidents of Harvard and Stanford, Samuel Gompers, and Carnegie • Didn’t Filipinos deserve “Consent of the governed?” • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: • US could intervene in the affairs in Latin America • US becomes a police power • Dollar Diplomacy: • US businesses invest in Latin America • Concerned with economic interests US Imperialism – WWI

11. World War I: • Causes: • Unrestricted submarine warfare • Zimmermann Note • Home front during WWI: • How was the war paid? • Income taxes – 16th amendment, liberty bonds • Committee on Public Information: • George Creel • Purpose was to gain support for the war – “4 minute men” • Woodrow Wilson: • 14 Points, League of Nations • Promoted self-determination • US never joined the League – Henry Cabot Lodge US Imperialism – WWI

12. Politics • Warren G. Harding – “Return to Normalcy” • Teapot Dome Scandal • Calvin Coolidge • Laissez-faire • Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: • Tax cuts for the wealthy, similar to Reagan in 1980s • Nativism: • Emergency Quota Act (1921) • Limited immigration quota to 3% of a country’s population in 1910 • National Origins Act (1924) • Limited immigration quota to 2% of a country’s population in 1890 • Both ended unrestricted immigration • KKK – rose during 1920s – Birth Of A Nation • Sacco and Vanzetti – immigrants convicted of murder, sentenced to death • Women in the 1920s: • Flappers • Women’s suffrage (19th) Amendment – 1920 • Margaret Sanger – advocated birth control • Harlem Renaissance: • Celebration of African American culture and music • KNOW poets Claude Mckay and Langston Hughes The “Roaring” 20s

13. President Hoover’s response to Depression: • Little government action, relied on volunteerism • Urged businesses to keep wages and production at status quo • FDR’s “Alphabet Soup Program” • CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps • Put young men (18 – 24) to work • Environmental work: planting trees, building parks, etc. • TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority • Building of dams helped provide jobs and hydroelectric power • AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act • Paid farmers NOT to grow crops, Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in Butler v. US • NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act • Allowed president to set codes for industries (prices, working hours, etc.) • Section 7a allowed unions to collectively bargain, declared unconstitutional in Schechter Poultryv. US • Court Packing Plan: • For every judge over 70 that does not retire, he could appoint a new one, would allow him to appoint up to six new judges • Key people associated with the Great Depression: • Huey Long: • Proposed to provide $5,000 to every family by taxing wealthy • Dr. Francis Townsend: • Favored giving $200 per month to senior citizens • John Maynard Keynes: • Economist that influenced FDR, government should run a deficit to improve economy The Great Depression and New Deal

14. Neutrality Acts (1935 – 1937): • US could not trade with warring (belligerent) countries • Did not matter who was the aggressor or who was the victim • US citizens could not travel on ships from warring nations • Neutrality Act of 1939: • US could sell weapons to democracies via “cash and carry” • Isolationists vs. Interventionists • Committee to Defend America – Interventionists • America First Committee – Isolationists (Charles Lindbergh) • Lend-Lease Act (1941): • US could lend crucial supplies to countries the president deems vital • Why did Truman use the atomic bomb? • To save American lives! • Women in WWII • “Rosie the Riveter” – Films, magazines, etc. • Millions of women took jobs in factories, Incomes increased • Japanese Americans • Executive Order 9066 – Japanese Internment Camps • 100,000+ Japanese-Americans on West coast were moved to camps, Upheld in Korematsu v. US • Mexican-Americans • Increase in workers from Mexico through the Bracero Program • Zoot-Suit Riots: LA, CA • Conflicts between sailors and marines and Mexican-Americans • African Americans: • Double V Campaign – Victory abroad over fascism, victory at home over racism WWII

15. George Kennan • Author of the “Long Telegram” • What is he known for? • Father of ***Containment*** – to keep Communism from spreading • Impact of Kennan? • Helped end the US policy of isolation • Truman Doctrine: • Truman requested, and received, $400 million for military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey • Marshall Plan: • Policy that the US would spend billions of dollars over next several years to improve European economic recovery • “Fall” of China (1949): • Truman gets blamed for China turning Communist • 2nd Red Scare: • HUAC (created in 1945) • House Committee on Un-American Activities • Prominent member was Richard Nixon – NOT JOSEPH McCarthy! • Alger Hiss: • Accused of sharing 65 classified documents • “Hollywood Ten” • 10 screenwriters that refused to testify before HUAC; sentenced to jail • McCarthyism • Joseph McCarthy (R – Wisconsin), accused state department officials of being communists • Downfall happened when he attacked the army • Rosenbergs • Husband and wife convicted of giving a-bomb secrets to the Soviets The Cold War

16. Eisenhower’s Administration: • Secretary of State – John Foster Dulles • Massive Retaliation: • Brinkmanship • In contrast, JFK’s “Flexible Response” focused more on covert action • Sputnik – launched by USSR • Increase in spending on science and education in US • U2 Spy plane • US plane shot down by Soviets • Increased tensions • Foreign Issues: • Bay of Pigs Invasion: • April, 1961 the invasion takes place • US does not directly get involved • The invasion is a HUGE failure • Impact: • Cuba and USSR worry about future invasions • Cuban Missile Crisis: • On October 14, US surveillance discover missiles with nuclear capabilities in Cuba • Could destroy most of the US • JFK quarantined Cuba • Eventually, the Soviet Union withdrew missiles • US promised not to attack Cuba • US would withdraw missiles from Turkey The Cold War Cont.

17. 1940s: • Executive Order 9981 (1948): • Desegregated the US military • A. Phillip Randolph: • Civil Rights advocate • Led to FDR banning segregation in defense industries 1950s • Brown v. Board: • Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson • States must desegregate schools with “all deliberate speed” • Little Rock Nine: • Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow the students attend Little Rock High School • Montgomery Bus Boycott: • Martin Luther King, Jr. – 26 years old • Drew on ideas from Jesus, Thoreau, and Gandhi • 1 year after Rosa Parks was arrested, Montgomery busses were desegregated Civil Rights (1940s – 1960s)

18. 1960s • Greensboro, North Carolina Sit-in • Martin Luther King focused on Birmingham • King and others were arrested for protesting • “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” • Drew on Thoreau’s and Gandhi’s ideas of civil disobedience • “an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law.” • Alabama and Ole Miss: • Attempts to keep the colleges from desegregating • Civil Rights Act of 1964: • Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations • Voting Rights Act of 1965: • Eliminated literacy tests for voting • The number of African Americans registered to vote in the South skyrocketed • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Helped register blacks to vote in Mississippi (5% were registered in 1964) • Later, under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael, SNCC focused on black power • Black Panthers (1966): • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • Advocated the arming of blacks against white police Civil Rights (1940s – 1960s)

19. ***Interstate Highway Act*** • Largest public works project to date • Created 42,000 miles of highways • Could be used for evacuation in case of nuclear war • Helped spur the growth of….. • Suburbs: • Levittown: • Cookie-cutter houses in suburban Long Island, duplicated in many other cities • “White Flight” • Many White families moved to the suburbs • Blacks (especially from the South, moved to cities) • Middle-Class Families: • Many married women did not work • Seen in television shows – “Leave it to Beaver” • “Cult of domesticity” • Women were expected to stay home, raise a family • Rise in consumerism • Consumer credit increased drastically in the 1950s • Credit cards, store cards • Car manufacturers produced newer, more stylish cars • New appliances included: dishwashers, garbage disposals, and TVs The 1950s

20. JFK’s New Frontier: • Focused on urban renewal • LBJ’s Great Society: • Focus on civil rights and elimination of Poverty • Vietnam and Great Society competed for $ • Election of 1968: • Nixon (R), Humphrey (D), Wallace (I) • Wallace siphoned votes from Humphrey in the South, Nixon became president • 2 important books: • Silent Spring: • Rachel Carson, depicted the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment • The Feminine Mystique: • Betty Friedan - Brought attention to challenges that women faced; challenged “Cult of Domesticity” • Helped increase enrollment in the Women’s Rights Movement of the 1960s • 1968: The year of “shocks” • Assassinations of RFK and MLK • Tet Offensive • 1969: • Moon landing • Woodstock – “hippy” or counterculture movements • Stonewall riots – associated with Gay Rights Movement The 1960s

21. 1954: Fall of Dien Bien Phu: • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – 1964: • Background info: • US alleged that American ships were attacked by North Vietnam, different accounts of what happened • What did the resolution do? • Allowed Johnson to do anything necessary to prevent future attacks • Impact of the resolution? • Johnson escalates US involvement in Vietnam • Tet Offensive (1968) • N. Vietnam launched a surprise attack, public opinion on the war decreased and protests increased • Invasion of Cambodia (1970) • Nixon’s authorized the bombing of neighboring Cambodia • Leads to…… • Kent State protests: • Students protested the Cambodia bombings • 4 students killed by the National Guard in the process • RESULT OF THE BOMBING OF CAMBODIA! • Vietnamization: • Nixon’s plan to gradually withdraw US troops from Vietnam and replace with trained South Vietnamese troops. • War Powers Act (1973) • Essentially overturned “Gulf of Tonkin” Resolution • Limited the President’s involvement in wars • Must inform Congress before war actions are taken • Effects: • Money that could have been used on the Great Society went to Vietnam instead • High inflation The Vietnam War

22. Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953 – 1969) • Decisions affected rights of criminals and the accused, religion, civil rights, and women • Mapp v. Ohio (search warrants) • Gideon v. Wainwright (right to lawyer, even if you can’t afford one) • Escobedo v. Illinois (Right to lawyer from time of arrest) • Miranda v. Arizona (Right to remain silent) • Engel v. Vitale (School sanctioned prayer is unconstitutional) • Griswold v. Connecticut (Birth control is legal) • Tinker v. DesMoines(Free speech is fine in school) • Nixon, upset with the court’s decisions, appointed judges he felt would “strictly” interpret the Constitution • Appointed Warren Burger as new Chief Justice • Roe v. Wade (1973) – legalized abortion • Bakke v. Board of Regents - Giving preferential treatment based solely on race was not allowed… The Warren Court

23. Nixon’s Administration: • “Silent Majority”: • Nixon’s belief that most people were supportive of the Vietnam War, they just did not protest • Henry Kissinger: • Nixon’s National Security Adviser and Secretary of State • Cambodia -> Kent State • Pentagon Papers (1971): • Detailed the US’ involvement in Vietnam • Showed deceit by JFK and LBJ administrations regarding US involvement in Vietnam • Nixon’s visit to China (February, 1972): • US relations with China improved • Soviet Union was concerned over US-Chinese relationship • Leads to…… • Détente • Easing of Cold War Tensions • SALT (1972) • Agreement to limit nuclear weapons • Watergate Complex: • June 17, 1972: • 5 men broke into Democratic headquarters in Watergate • Eventually, Nixon resigns due to his part in the cover up The 1970s – 1980s

24. Ford pardons Nixon: • Many Americans were upset, some believed there was a “deal” • Hurt Ford’s re-election chances in 1976 • Carter’s Administration: • “Washington Outsider” • Iran Hostage Crisis • Camp David Accords – peace agreement between Israel and Egypt The 1970s – 1980s

25. Reagan’s Administration (1981 – 1989): • Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) (Star Wars) • Reagan’s nuclear defense plan • Space stations could use lasers to defend against nuclear attacks • Supply-side economics (Reaganomics) • Tax cuts for the wealthy; in theory, the rich would use this money to invest and spend money to improve the economy • Very similar to Andrew Mellon’s tax policy from the 1920s • Increased defense spending • Iran-Contra Affair • American hostages were held in Lebanon • Contras were rebels fighting the Sandinistas • The Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran • That money was sent to the Contras • Iran would then help free the hostages • George H.W. Bush: (1989 – 1993): • August 2, 1990 – Saddam Hussein and Iraq invaded Kuwait • US and UN allies used advanced technology to crush Iraq • Saddam withdrew from Kuwait • Scorched-earth policy • “By God, we’ve licked the Vietnam syndrome once and for all” The 1970s – 1980s

26. Election of 1992: • George H. W. Bush (R), Bill Clinton (D), and Ross Perot (Independent) • “It’s the economy, stupid” • Bad economy hurt Bush’s reelection bid • Clinton won, Democrats controlled Congress • Clinton’s Administration (1993 – 2001): • Economic Issues: • Internet businesses boomed - Stock market increased • The 1990s economy was unprecedented • North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): • 1993 – eliminated tariffs between Canada, US, and Mexico • Many argued it helped promote outsourcing • Baby Boom Generation began to retire: • Led to issues with Social Security • “Graying” of America “Read my lips, NO NEW TAXES.” 1990s

27. Booker T. Washington: • Favored economic opportunities, vocational training • Atlanta Compromise - “In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): • Labor union that lost influence after WWI • Nicknamed “I won’t work” • African Americans began to vote overwhelmingly for Democrats during the Great Depression • Most African Americans were sharecroppers after the Civil War • Great Migrations: • Mass movement of African Americans to the North after world wars • Bonus Army: • WWI vets that demanded an early bonus in 1932; broken up by Hoover • Birth of A Nation: (1915) • Full-length film that glorified the KKK Miscellaneous Information

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