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Russia: From Reform to Reaction

Explore the history of Russia under the Romanov Dynasty, from attempted liberal reforms to increasing autocracy and repression. Learn about the Crimean War, the emancipation of serfs, the rise of Russification, and the challenges faced by Czar Nicholas II on the eve of World War I.

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Russia: From Reform to Reaction

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  1. Chapter 23 Lesson 3 Notes: Russia: Reform and Reaction Ruled by the Romanov Dynasty

  2. largest, most populous European nation by 1815 • a great world power because of its size and location • controlled a huge multinational empire • had immense natural resources • disliked by W. Europe for its autocratic rule by czars • feared by W. Europe for its goals to expand • economically undeveloped • rigid social class consisting of (landowning nobility), • boyars a small, ineffectual middle class, and serfdom • caused economy to remain backward

  3. Czar Alexander I [Romanov] • attempted liberal reforms, easing censorship / promoting education / possible freedom for serfs • At Congress of Vienna in 1815, he joined conservatives instead • At his death, the “DecembristRevolt,” consisting of army officers, broke out, with a demand for a written constitution

  4. Czar Nicholas I [Romanov] Czar Nicholas I, playing a church organ, as he accused the Turks of mistreating Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire The Crimean War: The czar trampling on France with a Cossack dancing & pointing a dagger toward France

  5. Cracked down onall dissenters, using secret police forces to spy on critics, banned all books with liberal ideas, exiled 150,000 liberals to Siberia • Reinforced “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism” (Pan-Slavism – a movement to lead and protect all Slavs • across Europe)

  6. Czar Alexander II [Romanov] • Came to throne during the CrimeanWar • (Russia defeated by Britain and France when Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands along the Danube River): defeat led to reforms: • emancipation for serfs > still too poor to • buy own land > many moved to cities, helping to build Russian industry • zemstvos (elected assemblies) made • responsible for local matters, supporting • some self-government • trial by jury • encouraged growth of industry

  7. women left to study abroad, many will support liberal goals • assassinated by a revolutionary terrorist group called the People’sWill Members of the People’s Will are executed

  8. Czar Alexander III [Romanov]

  9. Increased power of secret police; restored strict censorship, exiled critics to Siberia • Launched program called Russification – suppressing all cultures of non-Russian peoples within empire • Especially increased persecution of Jews – forced them into ghettos; encouraged pogroms – official violent mob attacks • Jews became refugees; many moved to the U.S. and still faced prejudice here

  10. Czar Nicholas II [the last Romanov ruler]

  11. Focused on industrial development • Built Trans-Siberian Railroad • Industrialization brought urbanization - working conditions deplorable • Socialists gained support from urban working class • One humiliating defeat after another in the Russo-JapaneseWar (1904) brought crisis and dissent that led to • “BloodySunday” of 1905 – a peaceful march on the czar’s Winter Palace that left hundreds massacred

  12. OctoberManifesto is decreed by czar: agreed to call an elected national legislature called the Duma to decide national issues but dismissed it whenever its members criticized czarist policies • Nicholas II of the Romanov dynasty is faced with a world war and simmering unrest by 1914

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