Understanding the Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade and Muslim Empires

1. AP World History Exam Study Session #8 Atlantic Slave Trade, Muslim Empires, and Asia in Transition

2. AFRICA IN THE AGE OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • Portuguese led the way in exploring the west African coast • Built factories to facilitate trade • Relations with Africans were peaceful because the Portuguese were more interested in trade than conquest • They did try to convert Africans to Christianity

3. AFRICA IN THE AGE OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • Founded Luanda, which became Angola • Other nations followed the Portuguese, which introduced competition • Other nations began establishing small outposts on the coast • Trade in slaves developed slowly • Initially, they were seen as just another commodity • Slavery in Europe had disappeared (except for the Iberian peninsula)

4. AFRICA IN THE AGE OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • The need for slave labor in the Americas appeared with the rise of the sugar plantations • As many as twelve million slaves may have been transported across the Atlantic in four centuries • Demand remained high because of high mortality and low birth rates • Brazil received approximately 42% of the slaves • Most slaves were men who needed to perform manual labor • Middle Passage was often lethal

5. AFRICA IN THE AGE OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • Trans-Saharan slave trade • Was mostly in women • Concubines were sent to the Islamic empire • The Portuguese controlled most slave traffic • Slaves were purchased through local rulers • Raids occurred sporadically • Slave prices were based on the price set for healthy males

6. AFRICA IN THE AGE OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • Slave trade wasn’t really profitable • It was crucial to the triangular trade that developed

7. AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE SLAVE TRADE • Slavery was an important part of African economies and social hierarchies • Slave conditions varied greatly • Slavery was accepted in Islam as long as Muslims weren’t being enslaved

8. AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE SLAVE TRADE • Europeans tapped into the established slave trade • They also intensified the trade • European penetration into Africa brought other changes including: • Constant warfare • This provided a constant supply of slaves • Power shift in Africa’s interior

9. AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE SLAVE TRADE • Cultural development continued on the continent • Use of monarchies spread • Some monarchs became more powerful • Other monarchs had limited power • Arts thrived • Africa increased its contact with other continents because of trade

10. AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE SLAVE TRADE • Swahili coast formed part of the Indian Ocean trading area • Brought ivory, gold, and slaves from the interior of the continent • The interior of Africa was less understood • A series of regional interior dynasties developed • Islamization became more radical

11. WHITE SETTLERS AND SOUTH AFRICA • South Africa was initially only influenced a little by the slave trade • Bantu migrations influenced its economy • They were organized into small chiefdoms • They came into contact with Dutch settlers in South Africa

12. WHITE SETTLERS AND SOUTH AFRICA • Cape Colony, which was ruled by the British, went to war against the Bantu • 1818—Shaka Zulu created a powerful state that survived his death • All of South Africa experienced turmoil during this time period

13. THE AFRICAN DIASPORA • Slave trade also brought foreign products into Africa • In the Americas, a social hierarchy emerged • Saltwater slaves (those who had just arrived) were below slaves who had been there longer or children of slaves born in the Americas

14. THE AFRICAN DIASPORA • Slave communities sometimes divided along similar lines to those in Africa • Slaves eventually comprised 80% of the population in the Americas • North American slave population had a higher birthrate, so they didn’t need as many new slaves • They were more isolated from Africa than other slaves

15. THE AFRICAN DIASPORA • African slaves maintained their culture as much as possible • This depended upon whether they had contact with other slaves from Africa • Africans converted to Christianity but maintained obeah (their religious traditions) • African religions survived intact in Haiti and Brazil • Resistance to slavery occurred but was rarely successful

16. THE AFRICAN DIASPORA • Abolition resulted from changes outside of Africa • Main cause came from European intellectualism • 1807—Britain abolished slavery • 1888—Brazil was the last American country to abolish slavery

17. THE MUSLIM EMPIRES THE OTTOMANS: FRONTIER WARRIORS TO EMPIRE BUILDERS • 13th century—Mongols enabled Ottoman Turks to become masters of the Muslim world • Rather than servants • Ottomans moved quickly through the Middle East and Europe

18. THE MUSLIM EMPIRES • 1566—Ottomans ruled all of the former eastern Roman Empire • They also mastered the Mediterranean • Ottoman state granted great independence to military aristocracy • They helped the Ottomans to succeed • They received conquered lands and eventually threatened the sultan’s power

19. THE MUSLIM EMPIRES • Janissaries formed the new military core of the empire • Infantry comprised of conquered people • Early sultans ruled directly as political and military leaders • Later sultans ruled through viziers • The power of the viziers increased

20. THE MUSLIM EMPIRES • Mehmed II rebuilt and improved Constantinople • City became very important in trade between east and west • Turkish language became the official language of court and literature

21. THE MUSLIM EMPIRES • As Ottoman conquests ended, their power diminished • They had trouble overseeing such a vast empire • They had poor communication • There was widespread corruption among officials • Royal offspring were sequestered because of concerns about succession

22. THE MUSLIM EMPIRES • Succeeding emperors were increasingly ineffectual • Power of the sultans was usurped by others, including the viziers

23. THE MUSLIM EMPIRES • Weakness in the empire coincided with external pressure • 1571—Battle of Lepanto ended Ottoman naval dominance • Portuguese rounded Africa and were able to bypass Ottoman control of the spice trade • Silver from Latin America led to crippling inflation

24. THE SHI’A CHALLENGE OF THE SAFAVIDS • Came to power on the eastern fringes of the Muslim world as champions of Islam • They embraced Shi’ism • This led to religious and political conflict with the Ottomans

25. THE SHI’A CHALLENGE OF THE SAFAVIDS • 1514—Safavids were defeated by the Ottomans • Didn’t end their power, but did stop the spread of their empire and Shi’ism • Shah Tahmasp I restored the stability of the empire • Shah Abbas the Great brought the empire to its high point • He built up slave regiments • Major patron of arts • Revived trade • Built capital at Isfahan

26. THE SHI’A CHALLENGE OF THE SAFAVIDS • Shahs turned Turkic leaders into a warrior aristocracy • Safavids were Turks, but they adopted Persian as the court language • They claimed to be imams, or successors of Ali • They used mullahs to add religious support to their rule

27. THE SHI’A CHALLENGE OF THE SAFAVIDS • The Safavid and Ottoman empires shared many traits: • Nobility grew in power • Peasants were exploited • Leaders were patrons of the arts • Women were oppressed • They wielded some power at court • 1722—Period of unending conflict began

28. THE MUGHALS AND THE APEX OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION IN INDIA • Founded by Babar • Strong leader who cultivated the arts • Tried to reclaim his central Asian kingdom, but only managed to win control of northern India

29. THE MUGHALS AND THE APEX OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION IN INDIA • Akbar, Babar’s grandson, brought the empire to its high point • Attempted to unify his empire • Enacted social reforms • Improved situation of the poor and outlawed sati • Created a new faith—Din-i-Ilahi • Erased divisions between the Mughals and Hindus • Left many Hindu rulers in place • Gave land to nobles

30. THE MUGHALS AND THE APEX OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION IN INDIA • Jahangir and Shah Jahan followed Akbar • Did little to build on Akbar’s achievements • More concerned about pleasure • Huge patrons of the arts • Nur Jahan (wife of Jahangir) took the power her husband neglected • Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for one of his consorts

31. THE MUGHALS AND THE APEX OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION IN INDIA • Aurangzeb was the son of Shah Jahan • Able ruler • Focused on expansion and cleansing Islam of Hindu impurities • His empire was weakened by rivalries although it was large at his death • Under the Mughals, India fell behind in the sciences

32. ASIAN TRANSITIONS ASIAN TRADING WORLD AND THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS • Asian trading network linked the Pacific and Indian oceans in three commercial zones • Arab zone included Red Sea and Persian Gulf • Furnished glass and textiles from the Middle East • Indian zone provided cotton textiles • Chinese zone provided paper, porcelain, and silks

33. ASIAN TRANSITIONS • Spices from Ceylon and Indonesia still dominated the trade • Coastal routes were preferred • When the Portuguese arrived, no central power controlled trade and military power was rarely used

34. ASIAN TRANSITIONS • Portuguese changed everything • They lacked goods that they desired from the East • Resorted to force by capturing ports to obtain spices • Wanted to establish a system where they would control all traffic in the Indian Ocean • Never achieved the monopoly they desired

35. ASIAN TRANSITIONS • 1600s—English and Dutch arrived • Dutch took an early lead • Built the port of Batavia on Java • Their trading empire followed the same lines as the Portuguese • Used peaceful cooperation • Focused on transporting goods

36. ASIAN TRANSITIONS • Europeans remained on the coastlines with a few exceptions • Dutch controlled the north of Java and installed coffee plantations • Spanish attempted conquest in the Philippines in the 1500s • Tribute systems were established, which left local rulers in place

37. ASIAN TRANSITIONS • Asians didn’t convert to Christianity because Islam was very secure • Francis Xavier converted some low-caste Hindus • Spanish work in the Philippines led to more converts • Christianity there combined European and native elements

38. MING CHINA: A GLOBAL MISSION REFUSED • Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming dynasty • He was a peasant • Spent time in a Buddhist monastery • Led a rebel group and defeated China’s Mongol ruler • 1368—He claimed the title of Hongwu • Began purging Mongol influences

39. MING CHINA: A GLOBAL MISSION REFUSED • Hongwu made many changes: • Reestablished and extended the examination system • Stopped court corruption • Supported public works programs • Low place of women and the young was intensified • Economic boom occurred • There was an influx of American silver because of high demand for Asian goods

40. MING CHINA: A GLOBAL MISSION REFUSED • Foreign traders were only allowed on Macao and Canton • The arts flourished • Under Emperor Yunglo, Zheng He led seven expeditions to the west • Chinese could have expanded but retreated instead • Missionaries met with little success

41. MING CHINA: A GLOBAL MISSION REFUSED • 1644—Ming dynasty was overthrown • Weakened by corruption • Rulers distanced themselves from the people • Public works lapsed • Farmers turned to banditry

42. FENDING OFF THE WEST: JAPAN’S REUNIFICATION • Military rulers ended daimyo warfare • 1513—Nobunaga used European guns to depose the Ashikaga shogun • Supported Christian missionaries because he believed it would challenge Buddhism’s power • Toyotomi Hideyoshi followed Nobunaga • Pursued his killers • Tried to conquer Korea • Expelled Christian missionaries and persecuted converts

43. FENDING OFF THE WEST: JAPAN’S REUNIFICATION • Tokugawa Ieyasu followed Hideyoshi • Attempted to rid the islands of all Europeans • Tokugawa shoguns ruled from Edo • Ended daimyo warfare • Mid-17th century—European contact was limited to Dutch trade on one island