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NOS (Nature of Science)

Introduction to key topics in physical science, including matter, energy, and scientific methods. Review the syllabus, discussing late work policy, student expectations, grading, and class topics. Learn why physical science matters in everyday questions. Explore scientific methods, efficiency, and applications in engineering and technology.

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NOS (Nature of Science)

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  1. NOS (Nature of Science) Introduction to Physical Science

  2. Personal Introduction • In a one paragraph response, introduce yourself to me. In your response, include some of your favorite foods, hobbies, and any activities that you enjoy. You should also include your favorite sports and any other interests you may have. Also include what your favorite subject is and why this is your favorite subject. Lastly, describe what your favorite animal is and why.

  3. Physical Science Introduction • In a 1 paragraph response, summarize and describe the important topics that were covered in 7th grade Life Science and why you did or did not enjoy discussing them. Also in the paragraph, brainstorm as to what you think 8th grade Physical Science is and what it entails. What topics will be discussed? Who does it involve?

  4. Syllabus Review • 1) Explain my policy for most late/makeup work. • 2) List any 3 expectations that I have for my students. • 3) Explain the proper way students ask to go to the restroom in my class. • 4) Tests/Quizzes account for ______ %. • 5) What must you do before you ask a question or make a statement?

  5. Syllabus Review • 6) Classwork/Homework accounts for ________ % of your total grade. • 7) Quizzes/Tests/Projects accounts for ________ % of your total grade. • 8) T/F Students will be issued textbooks for this class. • 9) Your signed syllabus is due on ______. • 10) Your first quiz grade in this class is on __________.

  6. Section 1: Objectives • Explain that science involves asking questions. • Describe the relationship of matter and energy to physical science. • Describe the two branches of physical science. • Identify three areas of science that use physical science.

  7. What Is Physical Science? • Science: a process of gathering knowledge about the natural world • In order to solve a problem, we must first ask and then answer a question. • This is the first step to the scientific method.

  8. What is Physical Science? • Physical Science: study of matter and energy • Matter is the “stuff” everything is made from. • Energy is the ability to do work.

  9. What is Physical Science? • Learning about Physical Science will help us answer everyday questions such as: • Why will paper burn and gold will not? • Why is throwing a bowling ball harder than throwing a baseball? • How can water turn into steam and then back into water?

  10. What is Physical Science? • Physical Science is divided into Physics and Chemistry. • We can also divide these two areas further.

  11. What is Physical Science? • Chemistry: study of all forms of matter; including how matter interacts with other matter • Physics: Looks mostly at energy and the way that energy affects matter

  12. What you learn about matter and energy is beneficial in other science classes. Many of the same concepts extend from one branch of science to another. What is Physical Science?

  13. What is Physical Science? • Meteorology is the study of the Earth’s atmosphere in relation to weather and climate. • Jobs that involve meteorology include: • Forecasting • Aeronautical physics • Tornado chasers

  14. What is Physical Science? • Geology is the study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth. • Some geologists are geochemists. • Some geochemists specialize in the chemistry of rocks, minerals, and soil.

  15. What is Physical Science? • Biology is the study of life, living organisms, and how all organisms relate and interact. • Chemistry and Biology overlap in several concepts. • An example of this would be photosynthesis. • Photosynthesis occurs when plants chemically convert sunlight into energy.

  16. NOS Section 1: Review Questions • 1) List and describe 3 areas of science that rely on physical science. • 2) What 2 major areas can physical science be divided into? • 3) What is the difference between Chemistry and Physics?

  17. NOS Section 1: Review Questions • 4) Explain the difference between matter and energy. • 5) What must be done first in order to solve a problem? • 6) Describe 1 example of how Chemistry and Biology overlap in certain areas. (Hint: The example we discussed was related to the way plants get their food.)

  18. Section 2: Scientific Methods • The way in which scientists answer questions and solve problems are called scientific methods. • Scientists don’t always have to follow the same steps in order to solve a problem.

  19. Scientific Methods

  20. Scientific Methods • Asking a question helps focus the purpose of the investigation. • An observation is any use of the senses to gather information. • You should record observations throughout the entire experiment.

  21. Scientific Methods • Engineers ask questions all the time. • They ask questions in order to create better (more efficient) ways of doing things. • Technology: application of science for practical purposes

  22. Efficiency Example • An example of efficiency that engineers study is in boats. • Boat efficiency compares energy used to move the boat forward with energy supplied by the engine. • Why would making boats more efficient be useful?

  23. Scientific Methods • Once you have asked a question, you are ready to formulate your hypothesis. • Hypothesis = educated guess • Hypothesis: explanation based on prior scientific research or observations that can be tested

  24. After you form a hypothesis, you must test it. Why would you test your hypothesis? Scientific Methods

  25. Scientific Methods • One way to test your hypothesis is to perform a controlled experiment. • A controlled experiment tests one variable at a time. • Why would this be important?

  26. Always collect any useful data while performing your experiment. Data: pieces of information acquired through observation or experimentation Scientific Methods

  27. Once you have data, analyze it to find out whether it supports/rejects your hypothesis. Scientific Methods

  28. Scientific Methods • At the end of an experiment, you must draw conclusions. • Conclusions help explain why your hypothesis was supported or rejected.

  29. Results: what happened Should support or reject your hypothesis. Conclusion: why it happened Do not restate results. Scientific Methods

  30. Scientific Methods • After your experiment is completed, you should share your results/conclusions with other scientists. • Why would this be important?

  31. Section 2: Review Questions • 1) Name the steps that can be used in the scientific method. • 2) At what number of flaps/second is the boat most and least efficient? Why? • 3) At what point does the efficiency neither increase nor decrease? How do you know?

  32. Section 3: Objectives • Explain how models represent the natural world. • Identify three types of models used in science. • Describe theories and laws.

  33. Section 3: Scientific Models • Model: representation of an object or system • Scientific models serve many purposes. • The main purpose is to visually represent something that is too large or too small.

  34. Scientific Models • There are three types of scientific models. • They include: • Physical models • Mathematical models • Conceptual models

  35. Scientific Models • Examples include: • Model airplanes • Models of cells • DNA models • How can physical models be useful?

  36. Scientific Models • Mathematical models are made up of equations and data. • These allow you to calculate such things as force and acceleration.

  37. Conceptual Models • Conceptual models are basically systems or ideas. • The Big Bang Theory, which describes how galaxies and planets were formed, is one example.

  38. NOS Sec. 1-3 Recap • 1) Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative data. • 2) List and describe 2 of the 3 types of scientific models. • 3) List the 2 major branches of physical science. • 4) Explain the difference between Meteorology and Geology. • 5) Explain the difference between matter and energy.

  39. NOS Sec. 1-3 Recap • 1) State the first step of the scientific method. • 2) What is the difference between matter and energy? • 3) How are Meteorology, Biology, and Geology different? • 4) What is the difference between results and conclusions? • 5) List and describe the 3 types of scientific models.

  40. Section 4: Objectives • Explain the importance of the International System of Units. • Identify the appropriate units used for particular measurements.

  41. The SI System • Precise measurements are very important in any branch of science. • Examples include: • Adding/subtracting chemicals • Measuring distance between 2 objects • Taking the mass of an object • Converting measurements

  42. The SI System • In the late 1700s, the French Academy of Sciences began developing a world-wide system of units. • Today most scientists and almost all countries use this system. • One advantage of this system is that it helps scientists share and compare results.

  43. The SI System • Another advantage of the SI system is almost all units are based on the number 10. • Basing most units on the number 10 makes conversions from one unit to another easier. • Common measurements that SI units are used for include L, V, M, and Temperature.

  44. The SI System • Length = meters (m) • Area = square units (m^2) • Volume = liters (L) • Mass = gram (g) • Temperature = Fahrenheit (F), Celsius (C), and Kelvin (K)

  45. NOS Vocabulary Review • 1) ____: comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it • 2) ____: a rule that describes a repeatable pattern in nature • 3) ____: results of using one or more your senses to gather information and taking note of what occurs • 4) ____: the investigation and explanation of natural events and of the new info that results from those investigations

  46. NOS Vocabulary Review • 5) ____: uses words to describe what is observed • 6) ____: uses numbers to describe what is observed • 7) ____: any factor that can have more than one value • 8) ____: contains the same factors as the experimental group • 9) ____: a logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge and experience

  47. NOS Vocabulary Review • 10) ____: a statement of what will happen next in the sequence of events • 11) ____: a possible explanation for an observation that can be tested by scientific observations • 12) ____: an explanation of observations or events that is based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations • 13) ____: the practical use of scientific knowledge, especially for industrial or commercial use

  48. NOS Vocabulary Review • 14) _____: the factor that you want to test • 15) _____: the factor that you observe or measure during an experiment • 16) _____: used to study how a change in the independent variable changes the dependent variable • 17) _____: factors in the experiment that do not change

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