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Issues of Sanitation Definition and the MDGs

This article discusses the sanitation situation in Ghana based on the 2008 Ghana Demographic Health Survey. It highlights the lack of access to improved sanitation facilities and the prevalence of shared or unimproved facilities. The article also explores different definitions of improved and unimproved sanitation and the classification of shared toilets as unimproved. It concludes by suggesting further studies to assess the adequacy, convenience, privacy, and security of improved sanitation facilities in Ghana, as well as factors influencing the sharing of sanitation facilities.

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Issues of Sanitation Definition and the MDGs

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  1. Issues of Sanitation Definition and the MDGs

  2. Coverage Figures According to the 2008 Ghana Demographic Health Survey (GDHS) report • Only 12.4 percent of people living in Ghana used improved sanitation facilities • 54 percent shared an improved facility with one or more households • 10.6 percent used unimproved sanitation facilities • 23 percent of the population had no access to any facilities or were engaged in open defecation.

  3. JMP definitions of improved/unimproved sanitation • Improved sanitation • Facilities not shared that • ensure hygienic separation of human excreta • from human contact: • Flush/pour flush to: • piped sewer system • septic tank • pit latrine • Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine • Pit latrine with slab • Composting toilet • Unimproved sanitation • Facilities • that do not ensure hygienic separation • of human excreta from human contact: • Flush/Pour flush to elsewhere • Pit latrine without slab/open pit • bucket • Hanging toilet/hanging latrine • No facilities, bush or field • Shared or public toilets

  4. National Community Water and Sanitation Program (NCWSP) Improved Sanitation/Adequate excreta disposal facilities: • Household VIP Latrine • Simple but protected Pit Latrine • Pour Flush latrine • KVIP • Connection to a sewer or septic tank system

  5. Shared Toilets and Public Toilets Shared sanitation facilities (JMP) Shared sanitation facilities: Sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type shared between two or more households. Shared facilities include public toilets. Public Toilets (NESP, Ghana) Toilet facility basically to cater for transient populations and areas of intense public activity such as lorry parks and markets

  6. Reasons why JMP classifies shared toilets as unimproved • Concerns about the actual accessibility of such facilities throughout the day • The security of users, especially at night

  7. ESHD/WSMP, Ghana Improved Sanitation Facilities • Any Sanitation facility which is adequate, convenient, has user privacy and is hygienic both in technology and operation and maintenance and shared by a maximum of 10 people from different households."

  8. Indicators of improved sanitation by the ESHD/WSMP, Ghana • Indicators

  9. Indicators of improved sanitation by the ESHD/WSMP, Ghana • Indicators

  10. What Next: Undertake studies to find out the following: • Whether or not improved sanitation facilities (not shared) in Ghana meet the criteria outlined below; • adequacy • convenience • has user privacy and ensures adequate security • is hygienic both in technology, operation and maintenance • accessibility at all times (night, during rains etc) • ensures hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact • Factors that influence the sharing of sanitation facilities in Ghana

  11. What Next(Cont’d) • Users opinion on shared latrines (example, are users happy with improved shared toilets? is their continued use mandated by circumstance, culture, or both? Would users agree that shared toilets are unimproved and that they (the users), should be counted as not having proper toileting facilities?) • Current trends in the provision of sanitation facilities (types) in Ghana, for example by government, private individuals (ie households), NGOs etc. • Recommendations on the capacity of shared sanitation facilities to contribute to Ghana’s achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target for sanitation.

  12. THANK YOU

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