AP World History: Chapter 16 and 17

1. AP World History: Chapter 16 and 17 Mrs. Jamie Mills

2. Chapter 16: The World Economy • Silver becomes the global currency of the early modern period • Everyone wants it- allows Spain to build massive armies and grand buildings, Japanese mines raise output of silver, Europeans buy Asian goods with silver • China and India are largest recipients of silver-begins to replace paper money and merchants require silver even for common purchases

3. Maritime Power • Europeans enter this era of growing contacts with a bit of ignorance. • The crusades brought the knowledge to Europe that the Islamic world at that point was superior as far as their economy was concerned. • Europe wanted power, stability, and expansion, but they believed the world was flat so they were fearful of distant voyages. They may fall off the world’s edge. 

4. New Technology • Europeans develop ships that are capable of carrying heavy armament • Mapmaking and compasses improved as well, as well as overall navigational skills • They also borrowed the Chinese invention of explosives and made it their own, adding on their own European guns and cannons. • Western Europe was ready to go in for the kill.

5. Portugal and Spain Lead the Way • God, Gold, and Glory • Portuguese Prince, Henry the Navigator, pushed down the African coast wanting to go further and further. They brought back slaves, spices, and stories of gold. • News of Columbus arriving in the America’s pushed Vasco da Gama and the Portuguese to continue to work even harder to reach India. In 1498 four ships reach India. • Voyage by Amerigo Vespucci names “America.” (Spain) • Magellan the first to sail around the world..hey it’s not flat? (Spain)

6. Trading Companies • Dutch East India Company- Netherlands, Britain, and France all chartered great trading companies that were given government monopolies of trade in the designated regions. • Became problematic because they had the right to have their own armies and coin their own money, and they did so without a lot of real regulation from their home states.

7. Now the World Exchanges… • Columbian Exchange • What types of things were exchanged?

8. Mercantilism • Doctrine of mercantilism urged that a nation state not import goods from outside its own empire, but sell exports as widely as possible. • CORE NATIONS- supplemented their growing economic prowess by self serving political policies • Tariffs are an example, tax imports that come in, that way people do not want to import as much from outside countries.

9. International Inequality • Areas established as DEPENDENTS…opposite of CORE NATIONS….begin supplying unprocessed goods and slaves to European countries. • This plays a major role in Americas because disease kills much of the population, therefore slaves are brought in to do a lot of the work.

10. European nations fight one another • European nations fight one another for their strongholds in other nations. • Example: The Seven Years War between France and Britain. The French originally had strongholds in Canada, specifically in Quebec, but Britain attacked this land to colonize. War was settled in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris, and Britain taking the land from France. • Seven Years War (1756-1763) fought in Europe, India, and North America, has been called the first world war.

11. Europeans settlers begin arriving on the Atlantic Coast • The Atlantic colonies of North America soon became filled with European settlers fleeing their previous homes due to religious dissent, ambition, and other motives. • Their arrival leads to the death of many natives. • Society that develops is much closer to that of western Europe than of any societies in South America. • Colonists are very interested in writings and works of Europe. Example: Ideas of John Locke

12. CHAPTER 17: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 Mrs. Mills

13. A New Spirit • 14th and 15th centuries- The Italian Renaissance- movement away from more religious works of art and thought, and towards a pushing of boundaries and new ideas on art and belief systems • May have encouraged exploration: “Maybe the world is not flat, even though that is what we have been told.”

14. Blossoming of Italian Renaissance • 15th and 16th centuries • Leonardo da Vinci advanced portrayal of human body, Michelangelo applied classical styles to paintings and sculpture. • Machiavelli emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power. • Italian Renaissance stressed HUMANISM. It was a focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor-deemphasis on religion, but religion not attacked.

15. Renaissance leaves Italy • Moves north into France, Germany, and England after 1450-1500 and became the Northern Renaissance. • Northern Renaissance more religious than Italian; they bland Christianity with secular interests. • Renaissance writers: Shakespeare in England and Rabelais in France • Renaissance kings became patrons of the arts

16. Technology and Family Changes • Johannes Gutenberg- introduces moveable type in Germany • Expands audience for Renaissance writers and aids in getting religious texts printed • “European style family”- marriages occur later than ever, now in late 20s. Typically, in agricultural societies people were married young and had many children to aid with the work. Now, people are getting married later and not having as many kids. They also do not share a home with parents/grandparents.

17. Protestant and Catholic Reformation • 1517- German monk by name of Martin Luther nails a document containing 95 propositions of how to change and, in his opinion, better Christianity to the door of the Castle church in Wittenberg. • He was protesting claims made by a papal representative in selling indulgences, or grants of salvation for money. He went further to challenge the authority of the pope as he claimed that only faith could gain salvation and not religious practices made by man.

18. Protestant and Catholic Reformation…continued • Luther went argue that monasticism was wrong and that indeed priests should marry, and that the Bible should be translated from Latin so that ordinary people could have direct access to its teachings. • Luther did not want to break Christian unity, but he wanted the church in different terms. More on his terms, less on the Popes. • Protestantism (general wave of religious dissent)

19. Religious and Political Appeal • Remember: Church is center of society, it is also political. • Germans start to jump on board with Luther and stray away from the rules and restrictions of the pope. • Different sects of Protestantism begin to arise: Henry VIII- Anglican church -initially to challenge papal marriage regulations • Jean Calvin (French theologian)- Calvinism- predestination on who will be saved

20. Catholic Reformation • A major church council revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenets such as the idea that priests had no special sacramental power and could marry. • A new religious group, the Jesuits, became active in politics, education, and mission work for the Catholic church.