A. Definition

2. Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. History 1.Microscopes

3. The advantage of a microscope magnification and resolution; Magnification to enlarge; Resolution to clearly distinguish two objects or clarity a. In the 16th century, Galileo used simple pieces of glass to visualize and describe the eye of an insect. b. In the 17th century, Van Leeuwenhoekground glass to visualize the structure of cells like bacteria and sperm. c. Robert Hooke used ground glass to visualize cork structure and coined the term “cellulae” or cell.

4. 2.Cell Theory

5. In the 19th century Schleiden and Schwann said a. Cells are the smallest functional units of life and b. All living things are made up of cells. Later in the 19th century Virchow and Pasteur added c. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

6. II. Cytological Tools A. Microscopes 1.Light

8. a. Bright Field b. Dark Field c. Phase Contrast d. Confocal

9. 2.Electron

10. a. Transmission b. Scanning c.Environmental TEM/SEM

11. B. Stains

12. a. Vital Stainsare mainly from variousplant pigments. forContrast

13. b.Antibody stains are more specific and are made byexposing antigen to some host animal. MoreContrast

14. III. Basic Cell Design A. Strategies 1.Prokaryotes

15. a. Cell Size Limits  Surface to Volume Ratio Figure 4.2

16. b. Characteristics Figure 4.4

19. 2.Eukaryotes

20. Representative Animal Cell Figure 4.7

21. Representative Plant Cell Figure 4.8

22. B. Parts 1.Cell Membrane a. Molecular Structure

23. Which molecule would act as an impermeable barrier? Which molecule would act as an cellular label or antenna? Which molecule(s) would act as a transporter? Which molecule(s) would act to stiffen the membrane? Figure 4.5

24. b. Functions

25. Membrane Protein Functions

26. i. Passive Transport

27. Requirements= With a Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Mechanisms= Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis Page 82

28. Osmosis movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane Figure 5.13

29. ii. Active Transport

30. Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient Mechanisms = Molecular Figure 5.14

31. Mechanisms = Bulk If the arrowheads were reversed could you tell the difference? Figure 5.15

32. Mechanisms = Cell-Mediated Figure 5.16 Once inside the vesicle is the material really inside the cell?

33. 2.Cytosol = Cell Sap a. Consistency b. Molecular Make-up

34. a. Cytosol consistency like thickening Jell-O b. Molecular make-up 92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

35. 3.Organelles = Cell Machinery a. Membrane Bound

36. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans Chromatin, nucleolus envelope, and pores, Figure 4.9

37. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi Figure 4.12

38. House cleaners -> Lysosome or Peroxisome

39. Energy Transformers= the Chloroplast and the Mitochondria Figure 4.15 Figure 4.14

40. Vacuoles = Cell storage sites Animal Types = Food (sugars, lipids, etc), or Contractile (water storage) Plant Types = Central (water storage), Amyloplasts (store starch), and Chromoplasts (store Pigments)

41. b. Non-Membrane Bound

42. Cytoskeleton Figure 4.17

43. Ribosome and Centrioles Figure 4.19

44. C. Cellular Specializations 1.Microvilli

45. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane extensions (orange area) to increase cell’s overall surface area

46. 2.Cilia 3.Flagella

47. Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface. Flagella = longer cellular extensions to move the entire cell Figure 4.20

48. 4.Intercellular Junctions

49. Figure 4.21 i. Plants Always think function? Figure 4.11 ii. Animals Figure 4.23

50. 5.Extracellular Interactions