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Cytology. I. Introduction. A. Definition. B. Differentiation. Figure 3.1. C. Generalized Parts. Figure 3.2. II. Cell Membrane. A. Structure. 1. Molecular Make-up & Function. Figure 3.3. B . Specializations - Junctions.
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Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. Differentiation
II. Cell Membrane A. Structure
1. Molecular Make-up &Function Figure 3.3
1. Tight =Fusingof neighboring cell membranes together Figure 3.5a
2. Desmosome= Fibersconnecting cell membranes together Figure 3.5b
3. Gap = Tubularconnections of neighboring cells Figure 3.5c
1. Microvilli= short non-moving membrane foldingto increase cell’s overall surface area 2. Cilia= long, moving internal cellular extensionsto move something across the cell surface
D. Function 1.Generalized
a. Requirements = Favorable Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Molecules b. Mechanisms=Simple Diffusion,Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Osmosis movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane Figure 3.8a Figure 3.8b
Osmotic conditions Figure 3.9
a. Requirements= Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient b. Mechanisms = Molecular,Bulk(Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis), or Cell-Mediated
Molecular Figure 3.10
Bulk Endocytosis Cell-Mediated Exocytosis Figure 3.12
III. Cytoplasmic Components A. Cytosol or Cytoplasm
Consistency like thickening Jell-O or a colloid suspension Make-up 92% water, 7% protein, gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water 1.Consistency 2.Molecular Make-up
B. Organelles 1.Membrane Bound
a. Mitochondria=Energy Transformer Figure 3.17
d. Nucleus= the keeper of the plans Envelope, nucleolus, andpores Figure 3.29
Euchromatinvs.Heterochromatin The plans
e. Vacuoles= Cell storage sites Food (sugars, lipids, etc.) or Contractile (water storage)
b. Centrioles c. Free Ribosomes
IV. Cell Cycle A. Definition B. Stages
The Cell Cycle Figure 3.31
External controls outside influence What could be a signal?
Internal controls == internal clock Cyclin Cdk MPF
V. Mitosis A. Definition B. Phases & Events
Mitosisinterphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase, and telophase
Interphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2of cell cycle Prophase =condense chromosomes,dismantle the nuclear membrane, andstart to build spindle from centrioles Metaphase =attach chromatids to spindle via centromere and line up chromatids across equator Anaphase = move chromatids toward poles via spindles Telophase = reverse steps of Prophase
VI. Cytokinesis A. Definition B. Events