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The Partition of Palestine

The Partition of Palestine. 1945-1949. Background:. Your role play was part of what really happened in 1947 UNSCOP an 11 member team was there to conduct a survey and make proposals

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The Partition of Palestine

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  1. The Partition of Palestine 1945-1949

  2. Background: • Your role play was part of what really happened in 1947 • UNSCOP an 11 member team was there to conduct a survey and make proposals • This led to a vote in the UN and 33 to 13 with 10 abstentions, the vote was in favour of a partition in Palestine to create two areas : for the Jewish population and the Palestinians

  3. 1942-1945 • Biltmore Programme • Signals the start of the US involvement in the Middle EAst • American Zionists called for a ‘commonwealth’ in ALL of Palestine • In 1945 with the end of the war an all out media and propaganda offensive to highlight the plight of the Jews • The Holocaust a major emotive issue • President Truman calls for the immigration of 100,000 Jewish refugees into Palestine.

  4. Middle East: British Perspective Bevin suggest Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry which met in Washington, Nov 1945 • Report: demand for 100,000 certificates of entry into Palestine • Palestine to be placed under UN trusteeship not endorsed by US or UK! • Bevin rejects certificates idea ( see page 103) • Morrison Grady Plan July 1946 also callled for UN trusteeship….rejected

  5. 1945: in Palestine • British authorities refuse Jewish refugees into Palestine • ‘Illegal’ immigrants stopped and sent back • Rising anger against British policies • Haganah continue illegal immigration • Arab sentiment: Holocaust issues belong to Europe and Europe needs to find a solution • The Yom Kippur declaration by Truman provides for fresh tensions in the Middle East • Formation of the Arab League

  6. 1946: tensions continue By 1946 certain issues are clear • British policy in the Middle East is not working • US and GB want a hold in the Middle East but do not want a shooting war • US and GB felt that if hostilities broke out on the ground, the Jewish population would be massacred by the Arabs • Arab demands for a unitary state in which they would be the permanent majority • Jewish Agency on the other hand demand partition of Palestine • Truman’s day of Atonement declaration

  7. Arab Perspective • Newly formed League of Arab States • The rights of the Arabs cannot be touched and the injustice of the Holocaust should not make injustice in Palestine • The Alexandra Protocol: a warning and a support for Palestinian claims but nothing further. Sympathizes with Holocaust but does not want Palestine to be part of the solution

  8. Zionist Perspective • Split in leadership • Emergence of David Ben Gurion • Wanted leadership of the US to resolve the situation • Felt the time for discussion over and a call for action • Received funding from the US to buy weapons • By this time there were 3 groups speaking for the cause of the Jews in Palestine • Ben Gurion and Ma’pai or workers Party • Irgun set up 1930 by Vladimir Jabotinsky and its offshoot LEHI( set up 1940 by Isaac Stern): Violent right wing organizations whose aim was to create a Jewish state in all of Palestine

  9. In Palestine • Zionists target the British • Murder of British soldiers by Irgun • Attack on the King David Hotel 22/07/1946 • British Military HQRS • Mayor of New York raised 2m for Jews to purchase weapons: • GB objects to this • In 1947 two British soldiers hanged as reprisal for the execution of the three Irgun, British responded with characteristic heavy-handedness • Exodus Incident led to widespread condemnation of British Policy and support for Jewish demands for Palestine as homeland • By 1947 Britain tired. 100,000 troops and Police tied up in Palestine • Britain decided to let the UN deal with the matter

  10. UNSCOP • United Nations Special Committee on Palestine • 11 members • Task: to investigate and to make recommendations on how to resolve the problem • UNSCOP : received full co-operation from the Zionists and boycotted except at the end by the Arabs • Exodus incident occurs • BY August 1947 : report was ready

  11. Recommendations of the UNSCOP Division of Palestine into 2 areas 57% to Jews ( 33%) Lands with a greater Jewish population to be awarded t the Jews and like wise for the Arabs This resulted in a criss-cross arrangements with ‘kissing points’ Jerusalem to be an international zone governed by and international force

  12. Meeting in the General Assembly on 29th November to vote on the • Vote to partition Palestine :Resolution 181 passes with 33 to 13 votes with 10 abstentions • The Arab Higher Committee representing the Palestinian Arabs rejected the UN Partition Plan • Civil War in Palestine begins on the 30th of November as a protest towards the proposed Partition

  13. Civil War in Palestine • 3 day strike called by Arab Higher Committee • British announcement: Mandate in Palestine to end on the 15th of May 1948 instead of a further 2 years • Jewish forces acted to defend civilians and settlements and then acted to evict Muslim populations within their designated areas • Arabs supported by Syrian Egyptian and Iraqi forces • In March Plan Dalet formulated

  14. Plan D or Plan Dalet • Read textbook Source A • Discuss DeirYassinMassacre • Part of the attempt to gain control of Jerusalem • Did it harden attitudes towards the Palestinian Arabs • Was it the start of the Al Naqba ( the disaster)

  15. The state of Israel • Declared on the 14th of May, 1948 • Read text page 110: what is Eretz Israel? • The state of Israel recognized 11 minutes later by the US • What was the US role in this?

  16. 1st Arab Israeli War begins? • 15th May the armies of Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon and Iraq invade the newly formed state of Israel

  17. Causes?

  18. Causes:

  19. Ist Arab Israeli War • 3 phases: civil war • Fighting 15th May to 10th June 1948 • UN sponsored Cease fire 10th June to 9th July • Fighting commences with Egypt breaking ther truce 9th -18th July 1948 • 2nd truce: Count Bernadotte asked to negotiate. • Bernadotte Plan rejected • Bernadotte murdered by the Stern gang • Israel dissolves Stern gang • Stern gang members join newly formed Israel Defence force( IDF)

  20. Final Phase • 15th October to 7th January 1949. this time Israel broke the ceasefire to defeat Egyptians in the south • Israel under pressure from the US to withdraw from Egyptian territory • Israel gained control of the Negev desert when ceasefire was announced.

  21. Results of the 1st Arab Israeli War • Israel- exhausted but well organised • Loss of 6000 amounted to 1% of population • Israel now controlled 79% of Palestine • 700, 000 Palestinian became refugees • Israel survived its first test • It showed to Israel the advantages of action over negotiation and became the cornerstone of all future policy • The Jewish people had proved that they would no longer be the underdog • Israel signed armistice agreement with Arab states

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